Respiratory retention of nicotine and urinary excretion of nicotine and its five major metabolites in adult male smokers

Feng, Shixia; Kapur, Sunil; Sarkar, Mohamadi; Muhammad, Raheema; Mendes, Paul; Newland, Kirk; Roethig, Hans J.

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.06.016

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In this research, 11 compounds were found to be consistent with literature reporting exhaled breath profiles of smokers. Those compounds of the current study identified in smokers are as follows: propanoic acid [91], propylene glycol [33], α-pinene [91,92], β-pinene [91,92], octanal [91], eucalyptol [91,92], undecane [91,92], menthone [92], nicotine [8,33,35,54], pentadecane [9] and butylated hydroxytoluene [9]. In this research, 17 compounds were reported in literature as being consistent with exhaled breath profiles of both smokers and nonsmokers.…”

Section: Smoker and Nonsmoker Breath Analysissupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The nicotine concentration of exhaled smoker breath after no smoke inhalation, normal smoke inhalation, and deep inhalation was respectively 1.015 ± 0.256 mg/cig, 0.019 ± 0.014 mg/cig, and 0.004 ± 0.002 mg/cig [54]. These investigations of nicotine concentrations in exhaled mainstream smoke [54,74] are not to be confused with investigations of exhaled breath after smoking.…”

Section: Nicotine Breath Detectionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The response of nicotine in the GC/MS was examined by calibration for both direct liquid injection and CMV spike introduction. nicotine examined in these experiments reflected a range that would be representative of low levels that would be expected in exhaled breath samples [24,33,54]. Seven nicotine MeOH mixture calibration points were examined: 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppb.…”

Section: Analyte Calibration and Retention Time Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These investigations of nicotine concentrations in exhaled mainstream smoke [54,74] are not to be confused with investigations of exhaled breath after smoking.…”

Section: Nicotine Breath Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exhaled Breath Analysis of Smokers Using CMV-GC/MS

Hamblin¹

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Section: Smoker and Nonsmoker Breath Analysissupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Nicotine Breath Detectionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Analyte Calibration and Retention Time Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These investigations of nicotine concentrations in exhaled mainstream smoke [54,74] are not to be confused with investigations of exhaled breath after smoking.…”

Section: Nicotine Breath Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exhaled Breath Analysis of Smokers Using CMV-GC/MS

Hamblin¹

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“…Secondly, as human samples are recruited in this kind of study, they are subject to vary in terms of the individual retention to nicotine (66,67). Different individuals may inhale the vapors deeper than others resulting in different levels of the contents of vapors exhaled into the indoor air (68). Apart from that, there is no standard guideline on how study using this kind of method should be conducted.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers

Abidin

Zulkifli

et al. 2017

Reviews on Environmental Health

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AbstractObjective:This paper is primarily aimed to review articles on electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) focusing on indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment that were conducted using human volunteers under natural settings that mimic actual vaping scenarios. Such studies may give a better representation of the actual potential exposure towards e-cigarettes emissions in indoor settings.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed search engine database. Search terms such as “electronic cigarette”, “e-cigarette”, “electronic nicotine delivery system”, and “indoor air quality” were used to identify the relevant articles to be included in this review. Articles that involved human volunteers who were asked to vape in natural settings or settings that mimic the actual vaping scenario were chosen to be reviewed. The search yielded a total of 15 published articles. Eleven articles were excluded due to 1) unavailability of its full-text (n=1), 2) did not involve human volunteers (n=5) and 3) did not involve an IAQ study (n=5). Four articles were critically reviewed in this paper.Results:From the four selected articles, two of the papers focused on the determination of nicotine level released by e-cigarettes whereas the other two covered IAQ parameters namely; particulate matters (PM), propylene glycols, formaldehyde, metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Only two of the studies involved determination of biomarkers of exposure. The level of chemical contents released varied between studies. The differences in the brands of e-cigarette used, number of vapers recruited and the sensitivity of the methodologies employed in these studies may be the possible causes for such differences. However, studies using human volunteers conducted in a natural setting are more relevant to portray the actual exposure to vapors among e-cigarettes users and non-users compared to studies using a smoking machine/an exposure chamber. This is because such studies take into account the behavior of consumers and individual retention of nicotine. Such method will therefore avoid the possibility of overestimation in terms of exposures toward e-cigarettes users and non-users.Conclusion:There are limited e-cigarette studies on the impact of IAQ performed using human volunteers in natural settings. The available studies however, provided inconsistent scientific evidence on the actual exposure towards the vapor contents as unstandardized methodology were used in conducting such research. Therefore, there is a need to conduct IAQ studies in natural settings by using a standardized protocol in terms of the number of vapers recruited, the size of the indoor settings, the methods used in detecting and quantifying the contents and levels of emissions and the sensitivity of the equipment used in analyzing the contents. This will help in better utilization of the findings from such studies for the use of risk assessment of the exposures towards e-cigarette emissions. There is also a need to emphasize that it is the onus of the manufacturers in providing and proving scientifically sound safety claims for their products prior to commercializing it in the market.

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Fast analysis of selected compounds in inhaled and exhaled vapor phase of cigarette smoke to evaluate components retained in the upper respiratory tract

Wang

Peng

Xie

et al. 2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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RationaleThe aim of this work is to use a new design of online sampling photoionization mass spectrometer to analyze chemical ingredients in inhaled and exhaled cigarette smoke directly without separation.MethodsBased on vacuum ultraviolet photoionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (VUV‐PI‐TOFMS) and a sampling system, a newly developed rapid online sampling design approach was used for the upper respiratory tract retention study of gaseous mainstream cigarette smoke components during smoking. The cigarette smoke inhaled or exhaled by seven subjects who displayed three different smoking patterns was directly sampled into a vacuum chamber, photoionized, and analyzed using TOFMS.ResultsFourteen species, comprising aldehydes, ketones, phenol, methanethiol, nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbons, were identified in the cigarette smoke obtained from Virginia‐type cigarettes. The upper respiratory tract results for these compounds were similar for smokers with the three different smoking patterns: aldehyde and ketone constituents had a high retention level of more than 60%; phenol, methanethiol, and nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds were retained at between 30% and 70%; and the retention of unsaturated hydrocarbons was about 20%–60%. The retention trend of the same smoke components in Virginia‐type cigarettes by subjects from the three smoking patterns (A, B, and C) was consistent, and the retentions all increased with increased smoking age (A < B < C).ConclusionsThis is the first report of a new online sampling design approach to the study of cigarette smoke components in inhaled and exhaled breath, to evaluate components retained in the upper respiratory tract by subjects with different smoking patterns. This method has good repeatability, and the results indicated that this is a very promising tool for the study of the retention of cigarette smoke constituents.

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Respiratory retention of nicotine and urinary excretion of nicotine and its five major metabolites in adult male smokers

Cited by 44 publications

References 15 publications

Exhaled Breath Analysis of Smokers Using CMV-GC/MS

Exhaled Breath Analysis of Smokers Using CMV-GC/MS

Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers

Fast analysis of selected compounds in inhaled and exhaled vapor phase of cigarette smoke to evaluate components retained in the upper respiratory tract

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