Respiratory muscle training improves swimming endurance in divers

Wylegala, J; Pendergast, David R.; Gosselin, Luc E.; Warkander, Dan E.; Lundgren, Ceg

doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0359-6

Cited by 70 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…While several studies have shown that IMT can improve exercise performance in a variety of sports (McConnell and Romer 2004), only two studies to date have assessed the impact of IMT on swim performance. Wells and coworkers (Wells et al 2005) have shown that 12 weeks of CRMT can increase critical swimming speed in female, but not male, adolescent competitive swimmers, whereas Wylegala et al (Wylegala et al 2007) recently demonstrated that 4 weeks of respiratory muscle training improved swimming endurance in scuba divers. Interestingly, research on competitive Masters Swimmers has shown that a single 200 m freestyle swim corresponding to 90-95% of race pace was sufficient to induce inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) (Lomax and McConnell 2003).…”

Section: Implications For Swim Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary adaptations to swim and inspiratory muscle training

et al. 2008

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Section: Implications For Swim Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary adaptations to swim and inspiratory muscle training

et al. 2008

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“…Recent work has shown that specific training of the respiratory muscles can prevent the failure of respiratory function and substantially (Ͼ85%) enhance runners' and divers' exercise endurance (57,88,106). Studies have also shown that respiratory muscle training can improve respiratory muscle function and surface and underwater swimming performance (57, 88, 100) and "normalize" CO 2 sensitivity (82) in hypo-and hyperventilators as well as reduce respiratory muscle fatigue and CO 2 retention (88).…”

Section: Carbon Dioxide Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

The underwater environment: cardiopulmonary, thermal, and energetic demands

Pendergast¹,

Lundgren²

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

133

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Pendergast DR, Lundgren CE. The underwater environment: cardiopulmonary, thermal, and energetic demands. J Appl Physiol 106: 276 -283, 2009. First published November 26, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90984.2008.-Water covers over 75% of the earth, has a wide variety of depths and temperatures, and holds a great deal of the earth's resources. The challenges of the underwater environment are underappreciated and more short term compared with those of space travel. Immersion in water alters the cardio-endocrine-renal axis as there is an immediate translocation of blood to the heart and a slower autotransfusion of fluid from the cells to the vascular compartment. Both of these changes result in an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output. The stretch of the atrium and transient increase in blood pressure cause both endocrine and autonomic changes, which in the short term return plasma volume to control levels and decrease total peripheral resistance and thus regulate blood pressure. The reduced sympathetic nerve activity has effects on arteriolar resistance, resulting in hyperperfusion of some tissues, which for specific tissues is time dependent. The increased central blood volume results in increased pulmonary artery pressure and a decline in vital capacity. The effect of increased hydrostatic pressure due to the depth of submersion does not affect stroke volume; however, a bradycardia results in decreased cardiac output, which is further reduced during breath holding. Hydrostatic compression, however, leads to elastic loading of the chest wall and negative pressure breathing. The depthdependent increased work of breathing leads to augmented respiratory muscle blood flow. The blood flow is increased to all lung zones with some improvement in the ventilation-perfusion relationship. The cardiac-renal responses are time dependent; however, the increased stroke volume and cardiac output are, during head-out immersion, sustained for at least hours. Changes in water temperature do not affect resting cardiac output; however, maximal cardiac output is reduced, as is peripheral blood flow, which results in reduced maximal exercise performance. In the cold, maximal cardiac output is reduced and skin and muscle are vasoconstricted, resulting in a further reduction in exercise capacity. respiratory; renal; immersion; exercise; aging; sex differences; submersion; pressure; energy cost THE UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT is unique, and while it is a magical place with great history and beauty and plant and animal life and holds a wealth of resources, it also imposes pronounced physiological stresses on humans and animals. This brief review offers an overview of how the major environmental challenges, i.e., the pressure, temperature extremes, and the unbreathable ambient medium, of the "Silent World" affect circulation, renal system and water balance, breathing, exercise, and thermal balance and how it imposes some threats due to pharmacological or toxic effects of respired gases at high pressure, i.e., great depths. Adaptations to ...

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“…This in turn may prevent the development of rapid and shallow breathing as shown in some (Spengler et al, 1999;Volianitis et al, 2001;Amonette and Dupler 2002;Wylegala et al, 2007;Esposito et al, 2010) but not in other (Kohl et al, 1997;Stuessi et al, 2001;Volianitis et al, 2001;McMahon et al, 2002;Holm et al, 2004;Griffiths and McConnell 2007;Verges et al, 2007;Brown et al, 2010;Ray et al, 2010) studies. To gain further insights into potential mechanisms of maintaining tidal volume after respiratory muscle training, we investigated respiratory muscle recruitment during a single respiratory muscle endurance training session.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Compartmental chest wall volume changes during volitional hyperpnoea with constant tidal volume in healthy individuals

Illi¹,

Hostettler²,

Aliverti³

et al. 2013

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Prolonged high-intensity ventilation is associated with the development of rapid shallow breathing with decreased end-inspiratory volumes of all chest wall compartments. During respiratory muscle endurance training using normocapnic hyperpnoea, tidal volume (V(T)) is normally kept constant. The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in muscle recruitment during constant-V(T) hyperpnoea, to assess potential mechanisms related to rapid shallow breathing. Ten healthy subjects performed 1h of normocapnic hyperpnoea at 70% of maximal voluntary ventilation. Chest wall volume changes were assessed by optoelectronic plethysmography. End-inspiratory (1.08 ± 0.18 versus 0.96 ± 0.27 l, p=0.017) and end-expiratory volumes (-0.13 ± 0.15 versus -0.31 ± 0.19 l, p=0.007) of the pulmonary ribcage decreased significantly and lung function and respiratory muscle strength were reduced (all p<0.05). Since with forced, constant V(T) only the inspiratory rib cage muscles were unable to sustain end-inspiratory volume of their compartment, inspiratory rib cage muscles are the most likely candidate responsible for the development of rapid shallow breathing. KEYWORDSRespiratory muscle recruitment, respiratory muscle fatigue, rapid shallow breathing 2

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Respiratory muscle training improves swimming endurance in divers

Cited by 70 publications

References 36 publications

Pulmonary adaptations to swim and inspiratory muscle training

Pulmonary adaptations to swim and inspiratory muscle training

The underwater environment: cardiopulmonary, thermal, and energetic demands

Compartmental chest wall volume changes during volitional hyperpnoea with constant tidal volume in healthy individuals

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