Respiratory Control, Pauses, and Tonal Control in L1’s and L2’s Text Reading – A Pilot Study on Swedish and Japanese –

Abstract

This paper reports the results of a pilot study, which examines the respiratory control exerted by chest and abdominal-muscles during the reading of a long text in the mother tongue (L1) and a targeted foreign language that is being learned (L2), with reference to syntax and prosody in Japanese and Swedish. Three datasets of read speech were obtained from Swedish speakers (SwL1), Swedish learners of Japanese (SwL2), and Japanese speakers (JL1). The results showed that the subjects used respiratory control differently while reading L1 texts and L2 texts, respectively. Both SwL1 and JL1 used chest and abdominal-muscles almost simultaneously, and the peaks of their muscular movements co-occurred at the onset of major syntactic units such as sentences and clauses. SwL2 used more chest muscles than abdominal-muscles, with muscular movements being more frequent, irregular, and small. There was no significant difference between JL1 and Swedish L1 and L2 in terms of the tonal control (pitch range). Some pitch peaks and pauses that appeared at the major syntactic boundaries coincided with the peaks of the muscular movements, but other pitch peaks and pauses did not. These results led to the hypothesis that the acquisition of intonation precedes that of respiratory control in L2 learning.

Respiratory and Respiratory Muscular Control in JL1’s and JL2’s Text Reading Utilizing 4-RSTs and a Soft Respiratory Mask with a Two-Way Bulb

“…To measure the respiratory muscular control, we utilized two thinwired respiratory strain-gauge transducers (2-RSTs). The reasons for using RST and thin-wired respiratory strain-gauge transducers are described in our previous study in detail (E.g., [4]) We found the same as the previously mentioned relationships, but furthermore, that (1) laryngeal efforts are not highly correlated to respiratory muscular movements (E.g., [5]), (2) different language speakers (L1) use own muscular controls(E.g., [6]), and (3) L2 speakers use different muscular control from L1 speakers. (E.g., [7][8])Saida [9, p. 33] points out that the respiratory muscular movements depend on inspiration and expiration in speech, respectively.…”

“…Cross-correlation between (1) Chest1 vs. Chest2,(2) Chest2 vs. Abdomen1, (3) Abdomen1 vs. Abdomen2,(4) Chest1 vs. Abdomen2, depending on each subject and each text.…”