Respiratory control of heart rate

Ahmed, Aiesha; Harness, J.B.; Mearns, Alan J.

doi:10.1007/bf00952248

Cited by 70 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…In fact, RSA at typical breathing frequencies (ϳ0.25 Hz) is characterized by the lengthening of heart period during expiration and its shortening during inspiration (15,21,45,68), corresponding to the waxing and waning of vagal modulation to the sinus node pacemaker. The modulation is associated with longer temporal delays (1.5 s) and characterized by frequency-dependent behaviors, with both amplitude and phase relation strongly affected by the respiratory rate (1,4,13,21,55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phenomenon, named respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), was described as an acceleration of the heart rate during inspiration followed by a slowing during expiration. Since then, several studies have been performed that have revealed the complex nature of the interaction, characterized by frequency-dependent behaviors (1,4,13,21,55), and shed light on its origin. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the generation of RSA, including the direct interaction between central cardiorespiratory centers within the brain stem, pulmonary reflex pathways, respiratory gating of central arterial baroreceptor afferent input, an atrial reflex, and oscillations in arterial PCO 2 and pH in arterial blood (15,45,60).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cardiorespiratory interactions in patients with atrial flutter

Masè¹,

Disertori²,

Ravelli³

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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tory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is generally known as the autonomically mediated modulation of the sinus node pacemaker frequency in synchrony with respiration. Cardiorespiratory interactions have been largely investigated during sinus rhythm, whereas little is known about interactions during reentrant arrhythmias. In this study, cardiorespiratory interactions at the atrial and ventricular level were investigated during atrial flutter (AFL), a supraventricular arrhythmia based on a reentry, by using cross-spectral analysis and computer modeling. The coherence and phase between respiration and atrial (␥ AA 2 , AA) and ventricular (␥ RR 2 , RR) interval series were estimated in 20 patients with typical AFL (68.0 Ϯ 8.8 yr) and some degree of atrioventricular (AV) conduction block. In all patients, atrial intervals displayed oscillations strongly coupled and in phase with respiration (␥ AA 2 ϭ 0.97 Ϯ 0.05, AA ϭ 0.71 Ϯ 0.31 rad), corresponding to a paradoxical lengthening of intervals during inspiration. The modulation pattern was frequency independent, with in-phase oscillations and short time delays (0.40 Ϯ 0.15 s) for respiratory frequencies in the range 0.1-0.4 Hz. Ventricular patterns were affected by AV conduction type. In patients with fixed AV conduction, ventricular intervals displayed oscillations strongly coupled (␥ RR 2 ϭ 0.97 Ϯ 0.03) and in phase with respiration ( RR ϭ 1.08 Ϯ 0.80 rad). Differently, in patients with variable AV conduction, respiratory oscillations were secondary to Wencheback rhythmicity, resulting in a decreased level of coupling (␥ RR 2 ϭ 0.50 Ϯ 0.21). Simulations with a simplified model of AV conduction showed ventricular patterns to originate from the combination of a respiratory modulated atrial input with the functional properties of the AV node. The paradoxical frequency-independent modulation pattern of atrial interval, the short time delays, and the complexity of ventricular rhythm characterize respiratory arrhythmia during AFL and distinguish it from normal RSA. These peculiar features can be explained by assuming a direct mechanical action of respiration on AFL reentrant circuit. respiratory arrhythmia; heart rate variability; reentry; cross-spectral analysis; mechanoelectrical feedback THE FIRST REPORT ON AN INTERACTION between respiration and heart rate is ascribed to Ludwig and dates back as early as 1847 (34). The phenomenon, named respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), was described as an acceleration of the heart rate during inspiration followed by a slowing during expiration. Since then, several studies have been performed that have revealed the complex nature of the interaction, characterized by frequency-dependent behaviors (1,4,13,21,55), and shed light on its origin. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the generation of RSA, including the direct interaction between central cardiorespiratory centers within the brain stem, pulmonary reflex pathways, respiratory gating of central arterial baroreceptor afferent input, an atrial reflex, and oscillations in arterial PCO 2...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory interactions in patients with atrial flutter

Masè¹,

Disertori²,

Ravelli³

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Figure 1 illustrates the derivation of HRV signals from ECG. The technique used in this study to produce HRV signals is based on the hardware circuits described by Ahmed et al [12] to detect R-R interval and produce HRV signals. The HRV signals were then passed through two 12 bit A/D converters at 10 Hz sampling rate and then interfaced to Laptop PC.…”

Section: Methods and Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HRV and PBF signals in healthy subjects manifested a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems [9][10][11][12]. A high variability in heart rate and PBF signal means adaptability implying a healthy individual with well-functioning autonomic control mechanisms [9][10][11][12]. Conversely, lower variability is often an indicator of less adaptability of the autonomic nervous system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combined application of power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), Peripheral Blood Flow (PBF) and their coherence to assess the autonomic function to patients using standing specially in short term, is used in this study. HRV and PBF signals in healthy subjects manifested a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems [9][10][11][12]. A high variability in heart rate and PBF signal means adaptability implying a healthy individual with well-functioning autonomic control mechanisms [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Autonomic Function in Children with Autism and Normal Children Using Spectral Analysis and Posture Entrainment: A Pilot Study

Kamal¹

2015

J Neurol Neurosci

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Objective: The dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system investigated in Children with Autism compared with healthy one. Cardiovascular autonomic disturbances are possibly associated with the pathogenesis of Autism in children. The purpose of this study is to use the spectral and coherence analysis of heart rate variability signal (HRV), respiration signal and peripheral blood flow signal (PBF) to assess the autonomic activity of normal children and children with Autism for the clinical usefulness of the applied methods of signal processing and timefrequency analysis for screening and treatment of Autism in children.Methods: Twenty four children who had Autism and who were not taking any medications and Twenty three age and sex matched controls (Children) were participated in this study at Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA and Regional Medical Center, Cookeville, TN, USA. PBF and respiration signals as well as HRV signal derived from Electrocardiogram (ECG) were measured during supine and standing positions. Autopower, cross power and coherence spectra were produced to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in both groups. Results:The results clearly indicate that in children with Autism, the coherence values are less than in control group in both low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands at coherence spectra between HRV and PBF as well as HRV and respiration in both supine and standing position. Also, the ratio of amplitude at nearly frequency of 0

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Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

Patwardhan

2006

Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering

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It has been long recognized that the period of the heart, that is, the interval between two heartbeats, changes in rhythm with respiration. Change in heart periods that is synchronous with respiration is called respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). In a healthy person, the heart speeds up during inspiration and slows down during expiration. RSA is perhaps one of the more widely investigated phenomenon in the field of integrative physiology. The objective in this chapter is to introduce the reader to RSA, and it is organized to address the following issues: What is RSA? What are the prominent empirical features of RSA? What are the issues related to measurement of RSA? And, what causes RSA? There is considerable evidence that suggests that RSA is a result of autonomic neural activity. Quantified RSA is simple to measure, yet a powerful index that provides an insight about autonomic nervous activity that governs cardiac function. Given the widely hypothesized dominant role of neural function in cardiac health, this index, identified many centuries ago, continues to be the focus of modern scientific exploration.

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Respiratory control of heart rate

Cited by 70 publications

References 11 publications

Cardiorespiratory interactions in patients with atrial flutter

Cardiorespiratory interactions in patients with atrial flutter

Assessment of Autonomic Function in Children with Autism and Normal Children Using Spectral Analysis and Posture Entrainment: A Pilot Study

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

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