Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections, Arthritis, and Asthma Associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II Infection

Murphy, Edward L.; Wang, Baoguang; Sacher, Ronald A.; Fridey, Joy; Smith, James W.; Nass, Catharie C.; Newman, Bruce; Ownby, Helen E.; Garratty, George; Hutching, S; Schreiber, George B.

doi:10.3201/eid1001.020714

Cited by 96 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…HTLV-2, despite its close relationship to HTLV-1, has distinctive pathogenesis and transmission characteristics, such as a lower provirus load 10,11 , a higher occurrence of pneumonia and bronchitis 12,13 and a similar prevalence in males and females, which suggests that sexual transmission of the virus might be equally effi cient between the sexes 14 . HTLV-2 is prevalent in native populations, such as indigenous peoples in the Americas and Pygmy tribes in Africa, and in intravenous drug users [15][16][17][18][19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Paiva

Casseb

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more effi ciently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of infl ammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fl uid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are signifi cantly higher from men to women than women to men.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Paiva

Casseb

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…10 While the disease spectrum of viruses is not fully known, uveitis and infectious dermatitis have also been associated with HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 has been linked to pulmonary inflammation and increased cancer mortality. [10][11][12][13][14] HTLV-1/2 infection is endemic in Brazil 15,16 and testing blood donors for these viruses is mandatory in the country since 1993. Several studies show that the infection is more prevalent in women and occurs in clusters of higher prevalence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence, Incidence, and Residual Transfusion Risk Among Blood Donors in Brazil During 2007–2009

Carneiro-Proietti

Sabino

Leão

et al. 2012

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infection is endemic in Brazil but representative donor prevalence and incidence data are lacking. All blood donations (2007)(2008)(2009)) from three blood centers in Brazil were studied. Samples reactive on one HTLV screening test (EIA) were retested with a different EIA; dual EIA reactivity correlated strongly with a confirmatory Western blot. Prevalence, incidence, and residual transfusion risk were calculated. Among 281,760 first-time donors, 363 were positive for HTLV on both EIAs (135 per 10 5 , 95% CI 122-150). Prevalence differed considerably by region, from 83 to 222 per 10 5 . Overall incidence rate was 3.6/10 5 person-years and residual transfusion risk was 5.0/10 6 per blood unit transfused. The logistic regression model showed significant associations with: age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 5.23 for age 50 + vs. < 20], female sex (aOR = 1.97), black (aOR = 2.70 vs. white), and mixed skin colors (aOR = 1.78 vs. white), and inversely with education (aOR = 0.49, college vs. less than high school). HTLV testing with a dual-EIA strategy is feasible and can be useful in areas with low resources. Incidence and residual risk of HTLV-1 transmission by transfusion were relatively high and could be reduced by improving donor recruitment and selection in high prevalence areas. Blood center data may contribute to surveillance for HTLV infection.

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“…38,39 Regarding patients with symptomatic HTLV-1 infections, studies have suggested that they are at increased risk for UTIs. 40 Physicians have used prolonged urinary catheterization in these patients because of their myelopathy and/or tropical spastic paraparesis. Urinary catheterization and UTIs are both recognized risk factors for MR-PA infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks, persistence, and high mortality rates of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions

Gomes¹,

Machado²,

Conceição³

et al. 2011

Braz J Infect Dis

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Introduction: Authors have reported increased incidence of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MR-PA) infections worldwide over the last decade. Researchers have proposed multifaceted approaches to control MR-PA infections, but none have been reported in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) setting. Objective and Methods: Herein we report the impact of a multifaceted intervention for controlling MR-PA over five years in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions and describe the clinical characteristics of MR-PA infection in our patient population. The clinical outcomes of infected patients and molecular characteristics of the isolated strains were used as tools for controlling MR-PA infection rates. Results: Significant temporary decrease of new infections was achieved after intervention, although a high level of diagnostic suspicion of nosocomial infection was maintained. We obtained 35 P. aeruginosa isolates with multiresistant profiles from 13 infected and 3 colonized patients and 2 environmental samples. Most of the patients (94%) were immunocompromised with AIDS (n = 10) or HTLV-1 infections (n = 5). Of the followed patients, 67% had persistent and/or recurrent infections, and 92% died. We observed differences in the antibiotic-resistance pattern of MR-PA infection/colonization during two outbreaks, although the genetic profiles of the tested strains were identical. Conclusions: Therefore, we concluded that early multidisciplinary interventions are essential for reducing the burden caused by this microorganism in patients with AIDS. Prolonged or suppressive antibiotic-based therapy should be considered for MR-PA infections in patients with AIDS because of the persistence characteristic of MR-PA in these patients.

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Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections, Arthritis, and Asthma Associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II Infection

Cited by 96 publications

References 36 publications

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence, Incidence, and Residual Transfusion Risk Among Blood Donors in Brazil During 2007–2009

Outbreaks, persistence, and high mortality rates of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions

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