Respiratory and Gut Microbiota in Commercial Turkey Flocks with Disparate Weight Gain Trajectories Display Differential Compositional Dynamics

Abstract

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>Host-associated communities of bacteria (microbiota) substantially contribute to the overall poultry health and performance. Gut microbiota are known to play roles in resistance to pathogen infection and optimal weight gain in turkey flocks. However, knowledge of turkey respiratory microbiota and its link to gut microbiota is lacking. This study presents a 16S rRNA gene-based census of the turkey respiratory microbiota (nasal cavity and trachea) alongside gut microbiota (cecum and ileum) in two identical commercial Hybrid Converter turkey flocks raised in parallel under typical field commercial conditions. The flocks were housed in adjacent barns during the brood stage and in geographically separated farms during the grow-out stage. Several bacterial taxa that were acquired in the respiratory tract (RT) at the beginning of the brood stage persisted throughout the flock cycle, primarily <jats:italic>Staphylococcus</jats:italic>. Late-emerging predominant taxa in RT included <jats:italic>Deinococcus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Corynebacterium</jats:italic>. Tracheal and nasal microbiota of turkeys were identifiably distinct from one another and from gut microbiota. Nevertheless, gut and RT microbiota changed in parallel over time and appeared to share many taxa. During the brood stage, the two flocks generally acquired similar gut and RT microbiota, and their average body weights were comparable. Separating the flocks during the grow-out stage resulted in divergent microbial profiles and body weight gain trajectories. Lower weight gain corresponded with emergence of <jats:italic>Deinococcus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ornithobacterium</jats:italic> in RT, and <jats:italic>Fusobacterium</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Parasutterella</jats:italic> in gut. This study provides an overview of turkey microbiota under field conditions and suggests several hypotheses concerning the respiratory microbiome.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>IMPORTANCE</jats:title><jats:p>Turkey meat is an important source of animal protein, and the industry around its production contributes significantly to the agricultural economy. The nonpathogenic symbionts present in the gut of turkeys are known to impact bird health and flock performance. However, the respiratory microbiota in turkeys are entirely unexplored. This study has elucidated the microbiota of respiratory tracts of turkeys from two commercial flocks raised in parallel throughout a normal flock cycle. Further, the study suggests that bacteria originating in the gut or in poultry house environments may influence respiratory communities and consequently induce poor performance, either directly or indirectly. Future attempts to develop microbiome-based interventions for turkey health should delimit the contributions of respiratory microbiota and aim to limit disturbances to those communities.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Increased microbial diversity and decreased prevalence of common pathogens in the gut microbiomes of wild turkeys compared to domestic turkeys

“…The microbiome of commercially raised poultry is undoubtedly influenced by production practices such as crowded conditions, diet, and antibiotic use. Several studies have characterized the gut microbiomes of domestic turkeys in a variety of experimental and agricultural settings (20, 22–25); however very few studies have focused on the microbiomes of wild turkeys (11).…”

“…Several studies have characterized the gut microbiomes of domestic turkeys in a variety of experimental and agricultural settings (20,(22)(23)(24)(25); however very few studies have focused on the microbiomes of wild turkeys (11).…”