Respiratory Affections in Calves in Upper and Middle Egypt: Bacteriologic, Immunologic and Epidemiologic Studies

Abstract

B ovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered one of the most common worldwide affections in calves causing huge economic losses due to reduction of feed efficiency, average daily gain, overall performance and finally calf mortality (Härtel et al., 2004; Taylor et al., 2010). The incidence of BRD has been reported with variability from 5 to 66% in feedlot cattle and it is the most costly beef cattle disease (Snowder et al., 2006). BRD in calves is a multi-etiological entity associated with several infectious agents and other factors (Fulton, 2009). Besides infectious agents, multiple environmental and research Article

Virulence-determinants and antibiotic-resistance genes of MDR-E. coli isolated from secondary infections following FMD-outbreak in cattle

“…Moreover, in Nepal, E. faecalis diarrhea was recorded in immune-compromised persons by Sah 33 . El-Seedy 34 reported that P. multocida and M. hemolytica are major pathogens of calf pneumonia in Egypt, while Algammal 11 categorized P. aeruginosa as a common pathogen of pneumonia in calves. In Egypt, although the available FMD-vaccine is efficient to minimize the mortality rate, the vaccination-failure may happen that results in the occurrence of FMD-outbreak and the emergence of secondary bacterial infections due to the immunosuppression 35 .…”

Serotyping, Genotyping and Virulence Genes Characterization of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica Isolates Recovered from Pneumonic Cattle Calves in North Upper Egypt

“…Isolates were identified by traditional methods including morphology using Gram’s and Leishman’s stains, as well as colonial and biochemical characteristics. The suspected isolates of P. multocida and M. haemolytica were tested for hemolysis on blood agar and growth on MacConkey’s agar in addition to biochemical tests, i.e., oxidase, catalase, indole, triple sugar iron agar medium, citrate utilization and sugar fermentation (glucose, lactose, sucrose, and mannitol) tests [ 7 ]. The distribution of samples and bacterial isolates is shown in Table 1 .…”

“…Detection of virulence-associated genes was done by PCR on ten multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (5 P. multocida and 5 M. haemolytica ) which were selected according to the results of El-Seedy et al [ 7 ]. The selected isolates were previously tested against 12 antimicrobial agents and showed resistance to oxytetracycline, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, kanamycin, cefquinome, amikacin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin [ 7 ]. PCR was applied to determine the nan B, omp 87 and tox A virulence-associated genes in P. multocida isolates and ssa , gcp and lkt C virulence-associated genes in M. haemolytica isolates.…”

“…Serotyping of P. multocida and M. haemolytica isolates was performed in the Department of Clinical Microbiology, Central Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Egypt. Detection of virulence-associated genes was done by PCR on ten multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (5 P. multocida and 5 M. haemolytica) which were selected according to the results of El-Seedy et al [7]. The selected isolates were previously tested against 12 antimicrobial agents and showed resistance to oxytetracycline, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, kanamycin, cefquinome, amikacin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin [7].…”

“…On the other hand, M. haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica ) is considered one of the most important pathogens in ruminants of all ages and it is the principal cause of bovine and ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis or shipping fever. It is responsible for considerable economic losses to the livestock industries all over the world [ 3 , 7 ]. Two biotypes have been recognized for the taxon Pasteurella haemolytica : biotype A, an isolate that ferments L-arabinose, and biotype T, an isolate that ferments trehalose [ 8 ].…”