Respiration, photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in planktonic ciliates

Stoecker, Diane K.; Michaels, Ann E.

doi:10.1007/bf01313654

Cited by 71 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In Paramecium busaria, starved (no bacteria) cells without endosymbiotic Chlorella begin to precipitously die off after 3 days, while after 11 days symbiotic cells suffer no mortality and actually grow slightly (Karakashian 1963). Similar enhancement of survival may also occur in plastid retaining oligotrich ciliates, which cut respiratory costs by roughly 1-3% of their cellular carbon per hour when in light (Stoecker and Michaels 1991). Like metazoans, non-photosynthetic protists withstand starvation by lowering their respiration rates, subsisting on cellular stores, and through autophagous digestion of cytoplasm and organelles (Fenchel 1982).…”

Section: Adaptations To Acphmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In metazoans somatic growth of tissues can be difficult to quantify, costs of internal and/or external structures are greater, and gamete production occurs in parallel with somatic growth. The excretion of mucus by metazoan AcPhs can be a large sink of photosynthate (Crossland et al 1980), while in protists excretion is considered a minor cost of photosynthetically fixed carbon (ter Kuile and Erez 1987;Putt 1990;Stoecker and Michaels 1991).…”

Section: Adaptations To Acphmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

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Many non-photosynthetic species of protists and metazoans are capable of hosting viable algal endosymbionts or their organelles through adaptations of phagocytic pathways. A form of mixotrophy, acquired phototrophy (AcPh) encompasses a sweet of endosymbiotic and organelle retention interactions, that range from facultative to obligate. AcPh is a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, with endosymbiotic associations generally more prevalent in nutrient poor environments, and organelle retention typically associated with more productive ones. All AcPhs benefit from enhanced growth due to access to photosynthetic products, however the degree of metabolic integration and dependency in the host varies widely. AcPhs are mixotrophic, using both heterotrophic and phototrophic carbon sources. AcPh is found in at least four of the major eukaryotic supergroups, and is the driving force in the evolution of secondary and tertiary plastid acquisitions. Mutualistic resource partitioning characterizes most algal endosymbiotic interactions, while organelle retention is a form of predation, characterized by nutrient flow (i.e. growth) in one direction. AcPh involves adaptations to recognize specific prey or endosymbionts and to house organelles or endosymbionts within the endomembrane system but free from digestion. In many cases, hosts depend upon AcPh for the production of essential nutrients, many of which remain obscure. The practice of AcPh has led to multiple independent secondary and tertiary plastid acquisition events among several eukaryote lineages, giving rise to the diverse array of algae found in modern aquatic ecosystems.This review highlights those AcPhs that are model research organisms for both metazoans and protists.Much of the basic biology of AcPhs remains enigmatic, particularly 1) which essential nutrients or factors make certain forms of AcPh obligatory, 2) how hosts regulate and manipulate endosymbionts or sequestered organelles, and 3) what genomic imprint, if any, AcPh leaves on non-photosynthetic host species.2

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Section: Adaptations To Acphmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Adaptations To Acphmentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

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“…Ciliates are generally considered to be a high-quality food resource for copepods and contain some important nutritional elements usually absent from microphytoplankton. Ciliates have a high nutritional quality with a high content of protein (C : N < 3.5; Stoecker and McDowell Capuzzo 1990) and contain amino acids, fatty acids, and sterols essential for zooplankton growth, survival, and reproduction (Phillips 1984;Stoecker and McDowell Capuzzo 1990). As a consequence, copepods, when feeding on ciliates, exhibit higher growth and egg productions rates than when fed on algae alone (Stoecker and Egloff 1987;Bonnet and Carlotti 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ciliates have a high nutritional quality with a high content of protein (C : N < 3.5; Stoecker and McDowell Capuzzo 1990) and contain amino acids, fatty acids, and sterols essential for zooplankton growth, survival, and reproduction (Phillips 1984;Stoecker and McDowell Capuzzo 1990). As a consequence, copepods, when feeding on ciliates, exhibit higher growth and egg productions rates than when fed on algae alone (Stoecker and Egloff 1987;Bonnet and Carlotti 2001). Thus, because appendicularians are able to feed on ciliates during maturation of their gonads, it is possible that this additional high-quality food supply could support a higher egg production rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and modeling evidence of appendicularian‐ciliate interactions

Lombard

Eloire

Gobet

et al. 2009

Limnology & Oceanography

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Interactions between appendicularians and ciliates were observed over the life span of Oikopleura dioica in laboratory cultures and clarified with the use of mathematical modeling and microscopic observations. Complex interactions including competition, parasitism, predation, and histophagy occurred simultaneously, resulting in apparent mutualism. The large ciliate Strombidium sp. entered the inlet filters of appendicularian houses (larger than 500 mm body size) by distorting the mesh. Once inside, Strombidium fed on particles concentrated on the filters. When appendicularians were larger than 900 mm, both the high flow rate in the buccal tube and their esophagus width allowed the ''host'' appendicularian to capture and ingest ciliates. Thus, ciliates seem to be sequentially competitors, then parasites or commensal in appendicularian houses, and finally prey for appendicularians. Appendicularian rates of somatic growth and reproduction were enhanced when ciliates were ingested. This additional food supply could be essential in oligotrophic environments. Reciprocally, appendicularians support higher ciliate growth rates, allowing ciliates to survive and grow in food-limited environments. Appendicularians thus modify the size spectrum of the microbial food web both by removing small organisms (0.2-30 mm) and enhancing the growth of mid-sized and large ciliates.

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“…Earlier studies of rnixotrophic oligotrichs which harbour plastids focused on photosynthesis and respiration (McManus & Fuhrman 1986, Jonsson 1987, Putt 1990a. Stoecker & Michaels 1991 or on ultrastructural features ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations of mixotrophic ciliates in the northwest Mediterranean Sea

Bernard¹,

Rassoulzadegan²

1994

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The seasonal distribution of mixotrophic oligotrichous ciliates was compared to that of the strict heterotrophic oligotrichs and of the autotrophic haptorid Mesodinium rubrum, in surface coastal waters of the Ligurian Sea, from March 1988 to December 1989. The results show that ( l ) mixotrophic cili a t e~, which were observed year-round, average 51 % of the overall biovolume (from 45% for cells 30 to 50 pm to 57 O/u for cells > 5 0 pm); (2) mixotrophs dominate the ciliate populations in spring and in suinmer (average >60 %), maximum 100%); (3) pigmented ciliates, mixotrophic oligotrichs and M. rubrum dominate the biovolume of ciliates in the size ranges <30 and >50 pm; (4) besides numerous Strombidium spp., S mixotrophic species belonging to the genera Tontonia, Laboea and Lohmaniella were observed; and (5) a positive correlation was found between biovolume of pigmented ciliates and light and between biovolume of mixotrophic ciliates and biovolume of cyanobacteria.

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Respiration, photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in planktonic ciliates

Cited by 71 publications

References 18 publications

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

Experimental and modeling evidence of appendicularian‐ciliate interactions

Seasonal variations of mixotrophic ciliates in the northwest Mediterranean Sea

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