Resource-efficient nitrogen removal from source separated urine with partial nitritation/anammox in a membrane aerated biofilm reactor

Abstract

Source separation and decentralized urine treatment can cut costs in centralized wastewater treatment by diverting 80% of the nitrogen load in sewage. One promising approach for nitrogen removal in this context is partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A), reducing the aeration demand by 67% and organics dosage by 100% compared to nitrification/denitrification. Whilst previous studies with suspended biomass have encountered stability issues during PN/A treatment of urine, a PN/A biofilm was hypothesized to be more resilient. Its use for urine treatment was pioneered here for maximum rates and efficiencies in the energy efficient membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR). Nitrogen removal rates of 1.0 g N L-1d-1and removal efficiencies of 80-95% were achieved during a 335-day stable operation at 28°C on stabilized (pH>11), diluted urine (10%). A balance between N2and NO3-formation was observed whilst optimizing the supply of O2and was rate limiting for the conversion towards N2. Short-term operation on less- and undiluted urine yielded N removal rates of 0.6-0.8 g N L-1d-1and removal efficiencies of 93% on 66% urine and 85% on undiluted urine. Metataxonomic analysis and fluorescencein-situhybridization confirmed the presence of biofilms consisting of nitrifiers (Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira) at the membrane side and anammox bacteria (“CandidatusBrocadia”) at the anoxic bulk side. The findings suggest that a biofilm approach to PN/A treatment of urine overcomes stability issues, and a PN/A-MABR has significant potential for resource efficient decentralized treatment. In human long-duration deep-space missions, this gravity-independent technology could produce N2to compensate artificial atmosphere losses whilst facilitating water recovery from urine.[GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT, COLOR]