“…where R is the quantum dot radius, E gb is the bulk band gap, E gn is the quantum-dot band gap, h is Planck's constant, m * is the effective mass of electron of the specimen. Here, the bulk band gap (E gb ) for PbS is of 0.41 eV, and electron effective mass at room temperature is of 0.175m 0 [8], where m 0 is the electron rest mass.…”