Resonance Oscillations of Bloch Lines in Permalloy Films

Analytics at the nanometer and nanosecond scales by short electron pulses in an electron microscope

“…Many groups have pursued and developed time-resolved TEM techniques over the past four decades [5,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]]. The first known example in the literature can be traced back to experiments conducted in the USSR in the mid-1960s by Spivak et al [21], in which they used a gated electron source synchronized with an applied magnetic field near the specimen to observe domain wall motion on microsecond timescales.…”

“…Though the technological limitations of this era's TEM optics and electronics did not permit imaging of the domain wall dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution, it is the first known application of the stroboscopic approach in a TEM. Oleg Bostanjoglo in Berlin was the first to develop a TEM working with short electron pulses in the 1970s [13,22]. Later, around 2000, the group of Ahmed Zewail at Caltech developed the stroboscopic technique [5,20], which is nowadays denoted as ultrafast TEM (UTEM), whereas a group at Livermore developed the single-shot operation [12,23], now known as dynamic TEM (DTEM).…”