“…Although approaches such as immunoblotting, cross-linking and co-immunoprecipitation have been employed to study the basis of GPCR dimerization/oligomerization, they have limitations for the study of interactions involving integral membrane proteins due to the use of non-physiological buffers and detergents that may cause either non-native aggregation or disruption of native biological interactions. Those limitations have been addressed with the development of biophysical methods based on resonance energy transfer (RET) between two molecules, known as the “donor” and “acceptor,” positioned within a restricted distance (in the region of 2–8 nm) and defined orientation ( Alvarez-Curto et al., 2010b , Ayoub and Pfleger, 2010 , Ayoub, 2016 ). These include both bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and variants of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and both have been widely applied to the study of protein-protein interactions and the dimerization of muscarinic receptors and other GPCRs in particular ( Goin and Nathanson, 2006 , McMillin et al., 2011 , Alvarez-Curto et al., 2010a , Ciruela et al., 2010 , Marsango et al., 2015a , Sposini et al., 2015 ).…”