Resolving the phylogenetic relationship betweenParmotrema crinitumandParmotrema perlatumpopulations

Abstract

The widespread species Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy and Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy are mainly distinguished by their reproductive strategies. While P. crinitum propagates by isidia, P. perlatum produces soredia. In this study, we aim to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship between both species and to critically examine their species boundaries. To this purpose, 46 samples belonging to P. crinitum and P. perlatum were used in our analysis, including 22 for which we studied the morphology and chemistry, before extracting their DNA. We used 35 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) of Parmotrema perlatum from Europe and Africa (20 of which were newly generated), and 11 of Parmotrema crinitum from Europe, North America and North Africa (two newly generated). Additionally, 28 sequences of several species from Parmotrema were included in the ITS dataset. The ITS data matrix was analyzed using different approaches, such as traditional phylogeny (maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses), genetic distances, automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and the coalescent-based method poisson tree processes (PTP), in order to test congruence among results. Our results indicate that all samples referred to P. crinitum and P. perlatum nested in a well-supported monophyletic clade, but phylogenetic relationships among them remain unresolved. Delimitations inferred from PTP, ABGD and genetic distance analyses were comparable and suggested that P. crinitum and P. perlatum belong to the same lineage. Interestingly, two samples of P. perlatum separate in a different monophyletic clade, which is supported as a different lineage by all the analyses.

Punctelia borreri and P. subrudecta (Parmeliaceae) associate with a partially overlapping pool of Trebouxia gelatinosa lineages

“…2020) or apparently well-known species (Lendemer & Hodkinson 2010; Castellani et al . 2021; Stelate et al 2022). Based on the results of these and many other studies, it is clear that there is still room for further work based on single molecular markers, such as the nrITS fungal barcode (Schoch et al .…”

“…2012; Jaklitsch et al . 2016; Stelate et al 2022). These often form foliose or fruticose lichen thalli, and occur in a wide range of ecosystems including arctic-alpine (Goward & Myllys 2020; Xu et al .…”

“…The family Parmeliaceae is amongst the most diverse lineages of lichenized ascomycete fungi, with c. 2800 species known worldwide (Thell et al 2012;Jaklitsch et al 2016;Stelate et al 2022). These often form foliose or fruticose lichen thalli, and occur in a wide range of ecosystems including arctic-alpine (Goward & Myllys 2020;Xu et al 2020), Antarctic (Øvstedal & Lewis-Smith 2001, tropical and temperate forests (Molina et al 2017;Del-Prado et al 2019) or even in fog-influenced desert regions such as the Namibian lichen fields, where some species thrive on quartz pebbles (Wirth 2010).…”

“…(Hawksworth et al 2008;Nimis 2016;Nimis & Martellos 2022). Although the identification of the vast majority of them is relatively straightforward, given the number of diagnostic macroscopic traits and secondary metabolite profiles, the use of DNA sequences in a phylogenetic framework has allowed species boundaries and regional occurrences to be (re-)assessed either in complex lineages (Alors et al 2016;Widhelm et al 2016;Lutsak et al 2020) or apparently well-known species (Lendemer & Hodkinson 2010;Castellani et al 2021;Stelate et al 2022). Based on the results of these and many other studies, it is clear that there is still room for further work based on single molecular markers, such as the nrITS fungal barcode (Schoch et al 2012), to improve knowledge of the diversity of this fungal family on a regional scale, or in areas of special conservation concern (e.g.…”

Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry characterization of depsides and depsidones from the Chilean lichen Parmotrema perlatum

“…6,7 Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy is a foliose lichen with a characteristic gray color, 8 reported in Chile and distributed from Chillán to Magallanes. 9 The lichen P perlatum is belonging to the fungal family Parmeliaceae of the division Ascomycota forming a symbiosis with the green algal genus Trebouxia.…”