Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations

Soares, Pedro; Tréjaut, J.; Rito, Teresa; Cavadas, Bruno; Hill, Catherine; Eng, Ken; Mormina, Maru; Brandão, Andreia; Fraser, Ross M.; Wang, Tse−Yi; Loo, Jun‐Hun; Snell, Christopher; Ko, Tsang‐Ming; Amorim, António; Pala, Maria; Macaulay, Vincent; Bulbeck, David; Wilson, James F.; Gusmão, Leonor; Pereira, Luı́sa; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Lin, Min; Richards, Martin B.

doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z

Cited by 72 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…However, what adds to the complexity of any reconstruction of the past is the effects of the Austronesian expansion from (probably) Taiwan through Island Southeast Asia, then via New Guinea into Oceania, and the Pacific some 4 KYA. However, a recent study67 confirms that this expansion was a rapid coastal migration resulting in little admixture with the indigenous populations of New Guinea.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity

Nagle

Oven

Wilcox

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Aboriginal Australians represent one of the oldest continuous cultures outside Africa, with evidence indicating that their ancestors arrived in the ancient landmass of Sahul (present-day New Guinea and Australia) ~55 thousand years ago. Genetic studies, though limited, have demonstrated both the uniqueness and antiquity of Aboriginal Australian genomes. We have further resolved known Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial haplogroups and discovered novel indigenous lineages by sequencing the mitogenomes of 127 contemporary Aboriginal Australians. In particular, the more common haplogroups observed in our dataset included M42a, M42c, S, P5 and P12, followed by rarer haplogroups M15, M16, N13, O, P3, P6 and P8. We propose some major phylogenetic rearrangements, such as in haplogroup P where we delinked P4a and P4b and redefined them as P4 (New Guinean) and P11 (Australian), respectively. Haplogroup P2b was identified as a novel clade potentially restricted to Torres Strait Islanders. Nearly all Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial haplogroups detected appear to be ancient, with no evidence of later introgression during the Holocene. Our findings greatly increase knowledge about the geographic distribution and phylogenetic structure of mitochondrial lineages that have survived in contemporary descendants of Australia’s first settlers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity

Nagle

Oven

Wilcox

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…To evaluate the effective population size ( N e ) of haplogroup M in each region, we computed Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSPs) [42] using BEAST 1.8.0 [43]. Although haplogroups do not equate to populations, BSPs applied to specific lineages can provide insights into the size variations of the populations that include them [44–47]. We used a relaxed molecular clock (lognormal in distribution across branches and uncorrected between them), a two-parameter nucleotide evolution model and a mutation rate of 2.514 x 10 -8 mutations per site per year [48].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIndia is a patchwork of tribal and non-tribal populations that speak many different languages from various language families. Indo-European, spoken across northern and central India, and also in Pakistan and Bangladesh, has been frequently connected to the so-called “Indo-Aryan invasions” from Central Asia ~3.5 ka and the establishment of the caste system, but the extent of immigration at this time remains extremely controversial. South India, on the other hand, is dominated by Dravidian languages. India displays a high level of endogamy due to its strict social boundaries, and high genetic drift as a result of long-term isolation which, together with a very complex history, makes the genetic study of Indian populations challenging.ResultsWe have combined a detailed, high-resolution mitogenome analysis with summaries of autosomal data and Y-chromosome lineages to establish a settlement chronology for the Indian Subcontinent. Maternal lineages document the earliest settlement ~55–65 ka (thousand years ago), and major population shifts in the later Pleistocene that explain previous dating discrepancies and neutrality violation. Whilst current genome-wide analyses conflate all dispersals from Southwest and Central Asia, we were able to tease out from the mitogenome data distinct dispersal episodes dating from between the Last Glacial Maximum to the Bronze Age. Moreover, we found an extremely marked sex bias by comparing the different genetic systems.ConclusionsMaternal lineages primarily reflect earlier, pre-Holocene processes, and paternal lineages predominantly episodes within the last 10 ka. In particular, genetic influx from Central Asia in the Bronze Age was strongly male-driven, consistent with the patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal social structure attributed to the inferred pastoralist early Indo-European society. This was part of a much wider process of Indo-European expansion, with an ultimate source in the Pontic-Caspian region, which carried closely related Y-chromosome lineages, a smaller fraction of autosomal genome-wide variation and an even smaller fraction of mitogenomes across a vast swathe of Eurasia between 5 and 3.5 ka.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Phylogeography, the study of human dispersal, demonstrates that when migration occurs from one region to another, new mutations unique to that region accumulate (Soares et al, 2016). Local adaption to different habitats, including changes in exposure to mutagenic solar radiation, partially controlled by the magnetic field, are potential sources of phenotypical divergence (Jablonski & Chaplin, 2000, 2010.…”

Section: Reviews Of Geophysicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Geomagnetic Field Intensity in Late Quaternary Evolution of Humans and Large Mammals

Channell

Vigliotti

2019

Reviews of Geophysics

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It has long been speculated that biological evolution was influenced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the Earth's surface, despite imprecise knowledge of the timing of both UVR flux and evolutionary events. The past strength of Earth's dipole field provides a proxy for UVR flux because of its role in maintaining stratospheric ozone. The timing of Quaternary evolutionary events has become better constrained by fossil finds, improved radiometric dating, use of dung fungi as proxies for herbivore populations, and improved ages for nodes in human phylogeny from human mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes. The demise of Neanderthals at ~41 ka can now be closely tied to the intensity minimum associated with the Laschamp magnetic excursion, and the survival of anatomically modern humans can be attributed to differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor that has a key role in the evolutionary response to UVR flux. Fossil occurrences and dung‐fungal proxies in Australia indicate that episodes of Late Quaternary extinction of mammalian megafauna occurred close to the Laschamp and Blake magnetic excursions. Fossil and dung fungal evidence for the age of the Late Quaternary extinction in North America (and Europe) coincide with a prominent decline in geomagnetic field intensity at ~13 ka. Over the last ~200 kyr, phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes in modern humans yields nodes and bifurcations in evolution corresponding to geomagnetic intensity minima, which supports the proposition that UVR reaching Earth's surface influenced mammalian evolution with the loci of extinction controlled by the geometry of stratospheric ozone depletion.

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Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations

Cited by 72 publications

References 76 publications

Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity

Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity

A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals

The Role of Geomagnetic Field Intensity in Late Quaternary Evolution of Humans and Large Mammals

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