Resolving inconsistencies in measurements of hydrogen cyanide in syngas

Broer, Karl M.; Johnston, Patrick A.; Haag, Alex; Brown, Robert C.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.069

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…55 Broer et al discussed problems occurring in wet chemical HCN probe sampling. 56 They found out that NH 3 and HCN must not be measured in a row since HCN is soluble in acid solutions and that HCN is underestimated in most of the in-furnace measurements in general. Previously, we stated that the influence of the gas flow rate has a huge impact on the absorption efficiency, whereby NH 3 is less sensitive and HCN is entirely absorbed as long as the gas flow rate does not exceed 1 L/min.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NO_x Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection

Speth

Murer²,

Spliethoff

2016

Energy Fuels

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The formation of the nitrogen species HCN, NH 3 (N-intermediates), and NO out of fuel-bound nitrogen has a major influence on NO chemistry. Experiments have been carried out on an entrained flow reactor with pulverized wood as fuel. Staged combustion establishes a fuel-rich primary zone, where both N-intermediates and NO exist. The introduction of NRP as the ratio of the N-intermediates to NO offers a parameter that describes the nitrogen distribution in the primary zone, whereas TFN describes the overall amount of nitrogen. Air staging is an effective method for NO x reduction; the main controlling parameter is the primary air ratio, which defines both NRP and TFN. In fuel-rich conditions, NRP exceeds 1; with increased oxygen availability and temperature, the N-intermediates are depleted and NO is formed (NRP < 1). Thus, the NRP can be increased by adding NH 3 . Conventional SNCR is strongly temperature-dependent; hence, with increased temperatures, the best operation point shifts to lower air ratios. A combination of air staging and ammonia injection directly in the primary zone furthers NO x reduction, as long as it is realized in almost stoichiometric conditions. Since the reduction efficiency increases at high temperatures, the technology is called selective high temperature reduction.

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Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NO_x Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection

Speth

Murer²,

Spliethoff

2016

Energy Fuels

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“…The Fischer–Tropsch process has some drawbacks when compared with biological processes, such as high reaction temperatures (150–350 °C) and pressures (up to 30 bar), low product selectivity, greater susceptibility of the inorganic catalysts to poisoning by sulfur, chlorine and tars, and elevated costs . In contrast, when performing fermentation with syngas, a relevant issue is the presence of hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic to microorganisms.…”

Section: C1 Feedstocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas fermentation of C1 feedstocks: commercialization status and future prospects

Teixeira

Moutinho

Romão‐Dumaresq

2018

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The increasing emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and carbon oxide (collectively referred as C1 compounds) are likely to configure a major contribution to global warming and other environmental issues. The implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered a crucial strategy to prevent global warming, but the overall costs of currently available CCS technologies are still prohibitive for its large‐scale deployment. Using microorganisms capable of assimilating C1 compounds for producing value‐added products could be an important driver for mitigating emissions and minimizing their deleterious consequences, while simultaneously deriving additional economic benefits from these compounds. This review summarizes the main microorganisms and metabolic routes being investigated, with special focus on both the products targeted and the current industrial initiatives. There are a number of companies investing in these routes and in some instances commercial deployment was identified. Despite the variety of commercially‐appealing products, genetic manipulation of microorganisms to maximize yields and the design of technologies capable of efficiently using the gaseous feedstocks are major challenges yet to be overcome to fully unlock the potential of C1 microbiological routes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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“…None of these studies measured tar-N, which along with char-N has recently been shown to be important to nitrogen partitioning [69]. Finally, two of the studies that reported HCN had systematic errors in measurement of HCN, further limiting the usefulness of their data sets [24,26,63]. de Jong et al [7] Miscanthus ER/T X X…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HCN results should be interpreted with caution. Refer to a recent study by Broer et al[63] 2. Char-N was reported, but values of zero were reported for all test levels, due to a near absence of char production.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…HCN yields on the order of 1-15% of the FBN are more typical, but the results of Abhela et al[13] and others[6,7,31] support the contention that HCN is usually a significant nitrogen product in syngas. Despite this, the difficulty of measuring HCN has made some authors unaware of its importance[63]. The technically challenging and laborious techniques for measuring it have resulted in accurate continuous gasification HCN measurements being available for only a relatively narrow range of fuels and operating conditions.One of the most challenging aspects of chemical kinetic modeling is determining the initial conditions for gas-phase and gas-solid reactions after biomass devolatilization.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Partitioning of fuel bound nitrogen in biomass gasification

Broer

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While pursuing the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical engineering, I learned that the emotional and spiritual support that one receives from family and good friends is just as important as technical support. This document is dedicated to those who listened to my troubles, picked me up when I fell down, and lent their assistance when it was needed most: 1.) My immediate and extended family 2.) My friends, particularly

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Resolving inconsistencies in measurements of hydrogen cyanide in syngas

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NO_x Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection

Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NO_x Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection

Gas fermentation of C1 feedstocks: commercialization status and future prospects

Partitioning of fuel bound nitrogen in biomass gasification

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Resolving inconsistencies in measurements of hydrogen cyanide in syngas

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NOx Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection

Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NOx Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection

Gas fermentation of C1 feedstocks: commercialization status and future prospects

Partitioning of fuel bound nitrogen in biomass gasification

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Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NO_x Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection

Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Species Distribution in Wood Combustion and Their Influence on NO_x Reduction by Combining Air Staging and Ammonia Injection