“…With the rapid growth of smart terminals, blockchain technology has been widely studied (Dinh et al, 2018). This technology not only provides an acentric infrastructure in different fields, including medicine (Griggs et al, 2018;Christodoulou et al, 2020;Resiere et al, 2020), Internet of Things (Novo, 2018;Hang and Kim, 2019), economics (Esfahani and Mohammed, 2018;Allen et al, 2020), software engineering (Litchfield and Herbert, 2018;Erhan et al, 2019;Mendiboure et al, 2020), and even Covid-19 fighting (Yu et al, 2021), but also maintains continuous and tamper-resistant data records in chronological order. Moreover, it has become a hot issue in both academia and industry (Wu et al, ORCID: Xu GUO, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0803-8620 c Zhejiang University Press 2022 2018; Deng et al, 2019;Feng et al, 2019).…”