Summary:A 67-year-old man with AML, who had a 21-year history of psoriasis without remission, received a reducedintensity transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling. The preparative regimen consisted of busulfan and fludarabine. Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was cyclosporine and methotrexate. Psoriasis was completely resolved on day 18. The subsequent clinical course was uneventful until day 42, when psoriasis recurred at the same sites as before RIST. Peripheral blood examined on day 63 showed mixed chimerism with 54% recipient type. Cyclosporine was rapidly tapered off over the next 2 weeks. On day 90, 100% donor-type chimerism was confirmed. Subsequently, psoriasis improved simultaneously with the occurrence of mucositis and rash as a manifestation of GVHD. Scattered erythematous patches of psoriasis disappeared again by day 105. We initiated 0.5 mg/kg prednisolone on day 119, and resumed cyclosporine on day 133. At 7 months after RIST, he still suffers from chronic GVHD, but his psoriasis remains in remission for the first time in 21 years. The anti-psoriasis effect of the conditioning is mild and transient, while the graft-versus-autoimmunity effect, related to the induction of complete donor-type chimerism and GVHD, is more profound and persisting. A graftversus-autoimmunity effect lies in the delicate balance between alloimmunity and immunosuppressant used for GVHD prophylaxis/treatment. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2003) 32, 439-442. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704146 Keywords: reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation; psoriasis; graft-versus-autoimmunity effect; graft-versushost disease Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) has attracted attention for the treatment of severe lifethreatening autoimmune diseases, which include a stem cell disorder as a component. The background concept is that ablation of the diseased immune system followed by hematopoietic reconstitution with self-stem cells should restore normal immunity without attacking self-epitopes. Long-term remission and improvement have been observed in some cases after auto-SCT against autoimmune diseases. 1-6 Although auto-SCT has fewer toxicities and complications than allo-SCT, it is limited by the common recurrence of the primary diseases, especially in recipients of unmanipulated autografts. On the other hand, allo-SCT has been used to treat fatal disorders, both malignant and nonmalignant, as a curative approach. Theoretical graftversus-autoimmunity (GVA) effects due to the activation and reconstitution of donor T cells also support the effectiveness of allo-SCT against autoimmune diseases. 2,7 However, its significant treatment-related mortality has limited its application to life-threatening cases.Reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST), a new transplantation method with nonmyeloablative preparative regimens, has been developed to reduce regimenrelated toxicity (RRT) without spoiling the antitumor effect of allo-SCT. 8 The safety and efficacy of RIST have been demonstrated at our institution, with a 1-ye...