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When obtaining a chemical element image through energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) scanning of a specific sample, it is important to determine the minimum detection time (MDT) required per dot (pixel) and per element in order to identify the minority and the trace elements present in the sample. Starting from the statistical criteria of limit of detection, quantitative estimations can be made regarding the concentration of elements present in the samples, determining the MDT which fits to the limit of detection previously established. Given that with this technique it is possible to implement in vivo applications, in this work, a process was developed for the MDT that is capable of generating the minimum radiation exposure in imaging EDXRF. For this proposal, the MDT is determined for metals, such as Fe, Cu, and Pb, given their great biomedical interest, in a series of equivalent bone and soft tissue phantom samples. Consequently, a criteria for global scanning time per dot was established, hence providing an elemental XRF image according to the As Low As Reasonably Achievable principles, i.e. as low an exposure as reasonably possible for each sample type studied by this sort of devices, in order to obtain appropriate information for each field of application. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When obtaining a chemical element image through energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) scanning of a specific sample, it is important to determine the minimum detection time (MDT) required per dot (pixel) and per element in order to identify the minority and the trace elements present in the sample. Starting from the statistical criteria of limit of detection, quantitative estimations can be made regarding the concentration of elements present in the samples, determining the MDT which fits to the limit of detection previously established. Given that with this technique it is possible to implement in vivo applications, in this work, a process was developed for the MDT that is capable of generating the minimum radiation exposure in imaging EDXRF. For this proposal, the MDT is determined for metals, such as Fe, Cu, and Pb, given their great biomedical interest, in a series of equivalent bone and soft tissue phantom samples. Consequently, a criteria for global scanning time per dot was established, hence providing an elemental XRF image according to the As Low As Reasonably Achievable principles, i.e. as low an exposure as reasonably possible for each sample type studied by this sort of devices, in order to obtain appropriate information for each field of application. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cite this article as: M. Santibáñez, M. Vásquez, R.G. Figueroa and M. Valente, Evaluation of EDXRF configurations to improve the limit of detection and exposure for in vivo quantification of gadolinium in tumor tissue, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, http://dx. Abstract.In this paper the configuration of an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) system optimized for in vivo quantification of gadolinium in tumor tissue was studied. The system was configured using XMI-MSIM software designed to predict the XRF spectral response using Monte Carlo simulations. The studied setup is comprised of an X-ray tube, tuned to different voltages, and a copper filter system configured with variable thickness, which emits a spectrally narrow beam centered on the specific excitation energy. The values for the central energy excitation and the spectral width were adjusted to optimize the system, using like figures of merit: minimization of the limit of detection, measurement uncertainty and radiation exposure. These values were obtained in two stages. The first was successive simulations of incident spectra with central energy in the range of 50-70 keV. The second was comprised of simulations with incident spectra of different widths (8-29 keV), all with the same determined central energy, evaluating the limit of detection depending on the exposure. This made it possible to find the best balance between system sensitivity and the delivered dose. The obtained results were compared with those produced by radioactive sources of 241 Am whose activity was set to produce the same exposure as the proposed setup. To evaluate the feasibility of in vivo quantification, a set of tumor phantoms of 1-6 cm 3 at different depths and labeled with a gadolinium concentration of 250 ppm was evaluated. From the resulting spectrum, calibration curves were obtained in function of the size and depth of the tumor, allowing for the evaluation of the potential of the methodology.
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