Resistivity and pulsatility indexes in feline kidney disease: a systematic review

Evangelista, Gabriela Cl; Viana, Arabela Guedes de Azevedo; Neves, Mariana Machado; Reis, Emily Correna Carlo

doi:10.1111/vru.13102

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“… 18 Studies involving RI and PI for the evaluation of kidney injury in cats are rare when compared with the information available for humans and dogs. 37 In addition, literature diverges as to the normal values of these indices and their clinical and diagnostic applicability. 26 , 31 , 34 , 37 Current reference intervals are those proposed in a study using non-sedated clinically healthy cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 37 In addition, literature diverges as to the normal values of these indices and their clinical and diagnostic applicability. 26 , 31 , 34 , 37 Current reference intervals are those proposed in a study using non-sedated clinically healthy cats. 16 In our study, RI (0.64 ± 0.04 for the right kidney; 0.64 ± 0.04 for the left kidney) and PI (1.09 ± 0.16 for the right kidney; 1.06 ± 0.12 for the left kidney) values in the CG were in the range of other studies that evaluated healthy cats, showing values lower than upper limits of normal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 22 , 26 , 31 , 34 Although a few studies have already investigated the upper limit of RI and PI, no consensus has been reached. 37 It is possible that a reference interval will be more relevant than a single reference value, which may be the focus of future studies that include a greater number of cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 As yet, there is no consensus on normal RI and PI values, or values for kidney diseases in cats. 37 Evaluation of vascular resistance by means of Doppler ultrasonography has been widely studied in recent years in several clinical conditions in human and veterinary medicine. 15,38 However, to date, there have been no reports of renal Doppler ultrasound assessment in cats with FLUTD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 16 As yet, there is no consensus on normal RI and PI values, or values for kidney diseases in cats. 37 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys

Evangelista

Dornelas

Cintra

et al. 2023

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives Ultrasonography is used in the evaluation of urinary disorders, and the resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) have been successfully used to detect early hemodynamic changes in the course of kidney diseases in humans and dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate RI and PI in cats with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). Methods Twenty-nine client-owned cats were selected and divided into a control group (CG; n = 10), a group of animals with obstructive FLUTD (OG; n = 11) and non-obstructive FLUTD (nOG; n = 8). Clinical, laboratory and ultrasound evaluations were performed in all cats. Results RI and PI values for cats in the CG were below the upper limit of normal suggested in other studies, while cats with FLUTD showed significantly higher values in the assessment of RI ( P = 0.027 and P = 0.034, respectively) and PI ( P = 0.044 and P = 0.048, respectively) of the right and left kidneys. Conclusions and relevance Alteration in renal blood flow was observed in cats with lower urinary tract disorders, even in the nOG group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of renal blood flow changes related to non-obstructive FLUTD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 16 As yet, there is no consensus on normal RI and PI values, or values for kidney diseases in cats. 37 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys

Evangelista

Dornelas

Cintra

et al. 2023

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Long‐term safety of dietary salt: A 5‐year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study)

Reynolds,

Chetboul,

Elliott

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundHigh‐salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk.ObjectiveProspectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial).AnimalsTwenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0‐11.6], median [interquartile range]).MethodsHealthy cats were randomized to control or high‐salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2‐dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models.ResultsFollow‐up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6‐48.2]) and high‐salt group (51.4 months [45.7‐59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end‐diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high‐salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.

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Doppler renal resistivity index in horses: a systematic review

Rosse,

Reis

2024

Preprint

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The renal resistivity index is a tool to evaluate the hemodynamics through arterial resistance. Considering perfusion as one of the first aspects to be affected upon kidney injury, alterations in renal blood flow could be especially important for the early detection of kidney damage. The aim of this systematic review was to retrieve published studies on equine renal resistivity index (RI) in order to develop a standardized method of renal ultrasound examination through a transabdominal approach as well as to evaluate current reference range for renal RI value in horses. An electronic search in Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases was performed in February 2023 using the terms “RI” OR “resistivity index” OR “IP” OR “pulsatility index” AND (kidney OR renal) AND (equine OR horse) in titles, keywords and abstracts. The studies were screened based on inclusion criteria and variables of interest were extracted. To assess the methodological quality, the SYRCLES‘s risk of bias tool was used. From the search, a total of 134 studies were identified and five of them were considered eligible. The selected studies had been conducted in healthy non-sedated horses through transabdominal technique. The upper limit of normality for renal RI was 0.58 ± 0.06 for the right kidney of untrained horses, which is considerably lower than the value of 0.70 currently used for humans, cats and dogs. There were heterogenous outcomes among studies, where two out of the five demonstrated difference between RI value of left and right kidneys and one out of the five showed increased renal RI value in the elderly compared to foals and adult animals. Data of RI in horses is still scarce; a normality standard for renal RI studies in horses would greatly improve comparison and good quality results to allow clinical application.

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Resistivity and pulsatility indexes in feline kidney disease: a systematic review

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys

Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys

Long‐term safety of dietary salt: A 5‐year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study)

Doppler renal resistivity index in horses: a systematic review

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