Resisting Europeanisation: Poland’s education policy and its impact on the European Education Area

Abstract

Since the 2004 accession to the European Union (EU), Poland, like many other post-communist countries, have gone through a significant process of convergence to the EU institutions, laws and processes. In this process, the European values, policies and institutions have become an important reference point for the legitimacy of major national system reforms. In education, there have been a significant number of reforms aligned with ‘European standards’ as integration with the EU was seen as a priority for Poland’s national interest. This paper is interested in the changing policy discourses that have been defining and legitimising Poland’s education policy objectives, with a particular attention given to the idea of ‘quality education’ and the role of education. In this way, it is also interested in the processes of Europeanisation and de-Europeanisation – turning away from ‘EU-isation’ of policies. The emerging picture from the analysis illustrates the tensions between the neoliberal and populist policy discourses pursued by a variety of Polish governments, including significant policy shifts under the government of the Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) (Law and Justice) coalition.

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“…In many cases, both IT users and students have difficulties choosing a suitable application with an optimal operating system background and using the full advantages of this information technology. A crucial aspect lies in the methods of implementation that support adaptive learning (Smyrnova-Trybulska et al, 2022) with a profound impact on the European Education Area (Klatt, 2023). Information technologies have an unlimited number of methodologies, methods and tools ranging from the simple to the complex.…”

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“…In many cases, both IT users and students have difficulties choosing a suitable application with an optimal operating system background and using the full advantages of this information technology. A crucial aspect lies in the methods of implementation that support adaptive learning with a profound impact on the European Education Area (Klatt, 2023). Information technologies have an unlimited number of methodologies, methods and tools ranging from the simple to the complex.…”