Resistances to Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour Transfer in Leaves of Different Plant Species

Holmgren, Per; Jarvis, P. G.; Jarvis, Margaret S.

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1965.tb06917.x

Cited by 220 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In contrast with the above reports, data by Slatyer and Bierhuizen (20) and Holmgren et al (9) indicated that R8 of leaves of cotton grown under controlled conditions increased with age. The authors (20) suggested that additional leaf growth during the aging period may have been associated with solute translocation and consequent senescence of the test leaves.…”

contrasting

confidence: 51%

Leaf Age as a Determinant in Stomatal Control of Water Loss from Cotton during Water Stress

Jordan¹,

Brown²,

Thomas³

1975

Plant Physiol.

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The stomatal resistance of individual leaves of young cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. Stoneville 213) was measured during a period of soil moisture stress under conditions of constant evaporative demand. When plants were subjected to increasing soil water stress, increases in stomatal resistance occurred first on the lower leaves and the stomata on the upper surfaces were the most sensitive to decreasing leaf-water potential. Stomatal closure proceeded from the oldest leaves to the youngest as the stress became more severe. This apparent effect of leaf age was not due to radiation differences during the stress period. Radiation adjustments on individual leaves during their development altered the stomatal closure potential for all leaves, but did not change the within-plant pattern. Our data indicate that no single value of leaf water potential will adequately represent a threshold for stomatal closure in cotton. Rather, the stomatal resistance of each leaf is uniquely related to its own water potential as modified by age and radiation regime during development. The effect of age on stress-induced stomatal closure was not associated with a loss of potassium from older leaves. Increases in both the free and bound forms of abscisic acid were observed in water-stressed plants, but the largest accumulations occurred in the youngest leaves. Thus, the pattern of abscisic acid accumulation in response to water stress did not parallel the pattern of stomatal closure induced by water stress.It is generally recognized that light intensity and leaf water potential are two of the most important factors controlling stomatal resistance of whole plants or individual leaves. The possible interaction between leaf age and stomatal response to reduced light intensity or low soil or plant water potential is frequently alluded to, but has seldom been the primary topic of research reports.Studies by Turner (25,26), Turner and Incoll (28) were reached by Gee and Federer for beech and birch leaves (7).Brown and Rosenberg (3) also demonstrated that the Rs2 of similarly illuminated sugar beet leaves was independent of age except for the most immature leaves.In contrast with the above reports, data by Slatyer and Bierhuizen (20) and Holmgren et al. (9) indicated that R8 of leaves of cotton grown under controlled conditions increased with age. The authors (20) suggested that additional leaf growth during the aging period may have been associated with solute translocation and consequent senescence of the test leaves. This same general result was obtained by Solarova (22) with primary leaves of bean. The R8 of both surfaces increased gradually with aging, but the increases were retarded when shading was eliminated or the plants were decapitated. In a recent study, Davis (5) found increases in leaf resistance of beans occurred at a nearly constant "developmental age" (80% of time from leaf maturity to death) regardless of leaf position on the plant.The above cited reports support the conclusion that reduced illumination...

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contrasting

confidence: 51%

Leaf Age as a Determinant in Stomatal Control of Water Loss from Cotton during Water Stress

Jordan¹,

Brown²,

Thomas³

1975

Plant Physiol.

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“…Such an increase was also found by Heath and Meidner (16) and by Redshaw and Meidner (24). Since r is known to be independent of vapor phase resistance (8,17), it is clear that nonstomatal factors are involved. If r is really a product of mesophyll resistance and respiration (8,20), then its increase by reduction of water potential to -14 bars (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Carbon Dioxide Fixation to Water Stress

Plaut

Bravdo

1973

Plant Physiol.

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Application of water stress to isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) ehloroplasts by redutcion of the osmotic potentials of C02 fixation media below -6 to -8 bars resulted in decreased rates of fixation regardless of solute composition. A decrease in C02 fixation rate of isolated chloroplasts was also found when leaves were dehydrated in air prior to chloroplast isolation. An inverse response of C02 fixation to osmotic potential of the fixation medium was found with chloroplasts isolated from dehydrated leaves-namely, fixation rate was inhibited at -8 bars, compared with -16 or -24 bars.Low leaf water potentials were found to inhibit CO2 fixation of intact leaf discs to almost the same degree as they did C02 fixation by chloroplasts isolated from those leaves. C02 fixation by intact leaves was decreased by 50 and 80% when water potentials were reduced from -7.1 to -9.6 and from -7.1 to -17.6 bars, respectively. Transpiration was decreased by only 40 and 60%, under the same conditions. However, correction for the increase in leaf temperature indicated transpiration decreases of 57 and 80%, similar to the relative decreases in CO2 fixation.Despite the 4-fold increase in leaf resistance to C02 diffusion in the gas phase when the water potential of leaves was reduced from -6.5 to -14.0 bars, an additional increase of about 50% in mesophyll resistance was obtained. C02 concentration at compensation also increased when leaf water potential was reduced.The control of the CO2 pathway from the atmosphere to chloroplasts of higher plants is usually divided into three physical resistances arranged in series. The boundary layer resistance (ra), the stomatal resistance (r,), and the mesophyll resistance (rm) (13,14). The mesophyll resistance includes, besides a resistance to CO2 diffusion in the liquid phase, the photochemical and biochemical resistances which take place inside the chloroplast.It is known that increased plant water stress is followed by a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis (5, analyzing leaf temperature and CO2 and H20 exchange rates, that the decline in photosynthesis at reduced leaf water potentials was due primarily to an increase in stomatal diffusion resistance (2,5,13,29). In some circumstances an increase in mesophyll resistance to CO, diffusion in the liquid phase was implied as a factor controlling photosynthesis under stress conditions (15,24,28). Other investigators have shown a reduction in either photochemical or biochemical activities of the chloroplast itself when leaf water potentials were lowered (7,12,27). Recently, we have shown (22) that a decrease in osmotic potentials inhibited CO2 fixation of isolated chloroplasts even at a saturating concentration of CO2 at the chloroplast surface.Boyer (6) suggested that the rate of photosynthesis at leaf water potentials below -11 to -12 bars was limited by reduced photochemical activity of the leaves and not by CO2 diffusion rate or photosynthetic enzymes. The approach in the present work was to compare the response of CO2 fixation by i...

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“…The pathways for water transport through a plant are often perceived to end at the sites of evaporation outside the xylem within leaves (Holmgren et al, 1965;Meidner, 1975;Farquhar and Raschke, 1978;Blizzard and Boyer, 1980;Tyree and Yianoulis, 1980;Sheriff, 1984;Boyer, 1985;Yang and Tyree, 1994;Brodribb et al, 2002;Sperry et al, 2002;Buckley, 2005;Sack and Holbrook, 2006;Mott, 2007;Beerling and Franks, 2010;Berry et al, 2010;Pieruschka et al, 2010). This perception gave rise to a number hypotheses (summarized in Table I) that depend on the locations of the evaporating sites, with important implications for understanding and measurement of key processes across hydraulics and gas-exchange physiology.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Sites of Evaporation within Leaves

et al. 2017

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The sites of evaporation within leaves are unknown, but they have drawn attention for decades due to their perceived implications for many factors, including patterns of leaf isotopic enrichment, the maintenance of mesophyll water status, stomatal regulation, and the interpretation of measured stomatal and leaf hydraulic conductances. We used a spatially explicit model of coupled water and heat transport outside the xylem, MOFLO 2.0, to map the distribution of net evaporation across leaf tissues in relation to anatomy and environmental parameters. Our results corroborate earlier predictions that most evaporation occurs from the epidermis at low light and moderate humidity but that the mesophyll contributes substantially when the leaf center is warmed by light absorption, and more so under high humidity. We also found that the bundle sheath provides a significant minority of evaporation (15% in darkness and 18% in high light), that the vertical center of amphistomatous leaves supports net condensation, and that vertical temperature gradients caused by light absorption vary over 10-fold across species, reaching 0.3°C. We show that several hypotheses that depend on the evaporating sites require revision in light of our findings, including that experimental measurements of stomatal and hydraulic conductances should be affected directly by changes in the location of the evaporating sites. We propose a new conceptual model that accounts for mixed-phase water transport outside the xylem. These conclusions have far-reaching implications for inferences in leaf hydraulics, gas exchange, water use, and isotope physiology.The pathways for water transport through a plant are often perceived to end at the sites of evaporation outside the xylem within leaves (Holmgren et al

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Resistances to Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour Transfer in Leaves of Different Plant Species

Cited by 220 publications

References 22 publications

Leaf Age as a Determinant in Stomatal Control of Water Loss from Cotton during Water Stress

Leaf Age as a Determinant in Stomatal Control of Water Loss from Cotton during Water Stress

Response of Carbon Dioxide Fixation to Water Stress

The Sites of Evaporation within Leaves

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