Resistance training preserves skeletal muscle function during unloading in humans

Schulze, K. E.; Gallagher, Philip M.; Trappe, Scott

doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00019

Cited by 94 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The ULLS model (Berg et al 1991) is based on the avoidance of all weight-bearing activities of one leg, while the subject uses crutches for locomotion. The ULLS model induces muscle atrophy and a decrease in muscle strength (Berg et al 1991;Dudley et al 1992;Berg & Tesch, 1996;Schulze et al 2002). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of extreme, long-term (SCI) and moderate short-term (ULLS) deconditioning on the contribution of NO to baseline vascular tone in the human leg skeletal muscle vascular bed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preserved contribution of nitric oxide to baseline vascular tone in deconditioned human skeletal muscle

Bleeker¹,

Kooijman

Rongen

et al. 2005

The Journal of Physiology

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Deconditioning is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise reduces this risk, possibly by improving the vascular endothelial nitric oxide (NO) pathway. The effect of deconditioning on the NO pathway is largely unknown. This study was designed to assess baseline NO availability in the leg vascular bed after extreme, long-term deconditioning (spinal cord-injured individuals, SCI) as well as after moderate, short-term deconditioning (4 weeks of unilateral lower limb suspension, ULLS). For this purpose, seven SCI were compared with seven matched controls. Additionally, seven healthy subjects were studied pre-and post-ULLS. Leg blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography at baseline and during infusion of 5 incremental dosages of N G -monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) into the femoral artery. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was infused to test vascular responsiveness to NO. Baseline leg vascular resistance tended to be higher in SCI compared with controls (37 ± 4 versus 31 ± 2 arbitrary units (AU), P = 0.06). Deconditioning altered neither the vasoconstrictor response to L-NMMA (increase in resistance in SCI versus controls: 102 ± 33% versus 69 ± 9%; pre-versus post-ULLS: 95 ± 18% versus 119 ± 15%), nor the vascular responsiveness to NO. In conclusion, two human in vivo models of deconditioning show a preserved baseline NO availability in the leg skeletal muscle vascular bed.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preserved contribution of nitric oxide to baseline vascular tone in deconditioned human skeletal muscle

Bleeker¹,

Kooijman

Rongen

et al. 2005

The Journal of Physiology

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“…The results of animal experiments characterizing the effect of chronic unloading on tendon dimension are inconsistent. For example, in animal models, tendon size has been shown to decrease (Schulze et al 2002), as well as not to change (AlmeidaSilveira et al 2000;Heinemeier et al 2009;Matsumoto et al 2003), and even to increase (Kotani et al 1998;Tsuchida et al 1997) in response to chronic unloading. Interestingly, if the Achilles tendon of a rabbit is cut, glycosaminoglycan content and fibroblast number increase, and the number of small collagen fibers increase (Flint 1982).…”

Section: Physiological Implications Of Changes In Tendon Compliancementioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Studies of the Mechanical and Architectural Characteristics of the Human Achilles Tendon in Normal, Unloaded and Rehabilitating Conditions

Sinha¹,

Kinugasa²

2012

Achilles Tendon

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“…Many studies have investigated the influences of decreased mechanical loading on muscle size using various unloading conditions such as bed rest (Abe, et al, 1997;Akima, et al, 1997;Alkner and Tesch 2004 a,b;Berg, et al, 1997;Berry, et al, 1993;Convertino, et al, 1989;Ellis, et al, 1993;Ferrando, et al, 1995;Ferretti, et al, 1997;LeBlanc, et al,1992), immobilization (i.e, suspending or casting lower limbs) (Adams, et al, 1994;Berg, et al, 1991;Dudly, et al, 1992;Hather, et al, 1992;Miles, et al, 1994;Ploutz-Snyder, et al, 1995;Schulze, et al, 2002;Tesch, et al, 2004;Thom, et al, 2001;Vandenborne, et al, 1998) or space flight (Akima, et al, 2000b;LeBlanc, et al, 1995LeBlanc, et al, , 2000. As the profiles of atrophic changes in these conditions, this paper firstly focused on the influences of the duration and mode of decreased mechanical loading on the magnitude of atrophy with relation to muscle-related differences in them.…”

Section: The Magnitude Of Muscle Atrophy In Various Unloading Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High resistance exercise is effective as a countermeasure to the reduction of muscle size and strength during exposure to unloading condition (Akima, et al, 2000a(Akima, et al, ,2003Bamman, et al, 1997Bamman, et al, ,1998Kawakami, et al, 2001;Tesch, et al, 2004;Schulze, et al, 2002). Many previous researches on the effects of resistance training as a countermeasure for muscle atrophy and strength loss have adopted exercise regimens with high intensity, i.e., training with a load for force development at 70% ~ of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) or one repetition maximum (1RM).…”

Section: E F F E C T S O F R E S I S T a N C E E X E R C I S E S A mentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Responses of Human Skeletal Muscles to Decreased Mechanical Loading

Kanehisa

2005

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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This paper summarized previous findings on the morphological responses of human skeletal muscles in decreased mechanical loading conditions, i.e., in bed rest, limb immobilization and space flight, and to discuss how intensity and duration of muscle contractions is needed for preventing muscle atrophy in these conditions. The anatomical cross-sectional areas or volumes of lower limb muscles in a given unloading condition linearly decrease with increasing the time of unloading if the duration is less than about 60 days. Within this duration, space flight induces a greater atrophic change in the lower limb muscles as compared to bed rest and limb immobilization. In addition, the difference in the type of decreased mechanical loading produces different atrophic changes between muscles and between the positions of a muscle group. Resistance exercises with a load for force development at 70% ~ of maximum voluntary contraction or one repetition maximum is effective as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy during exposure to unloading condition. On the other hand, there is evidence suggesting that even if a resistive exercise cannot produce hypertrophy in ambulatory condition, it will be an effective measure for preventing muscle atrophy during unloading condition. With regard to the minimal effective training volume as countermeasure, further investigation is needed.

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Resistance training preserves skeletal muscle function during unloading in humans

Abstract: These results indicate that a resistance-training paradigm employed every third day during 21 d of unloading was effective in maintaining skeletal muscle strength (static and dynamic) and size of the KE and PF.

Cited by 94 publications

References 25 publications

Preserved contribution of nitric oxide to baseline vascular tone in deconditioned human skeletal muscle

Preserved contribution of nitric oxide to baseline vascular tone in deconditioned human skeletal muscle

Imaging Studies of the Mechanical and Architectural Characteristics of the Human Achilles Tendon in Normal, Unloaded and Rehabilitating Conditions

Morphological Responses of Human Skeletal Muscles to Decreased Mechanical Loading

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