Resistance Training and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Strength of the Evidence

Hovanec, Nina; Sawant, Anuradha; Overend, Tom J.; Petrella, Robert J.; Vandervoort, Anthony A.

doi:10.1155/2012/284635

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The benefits of strength training have been studied across a variety of health conditions and age populations with the aim of improving physical fitness and quality of life [1][2][3][4][5]. Considered to be an essential component of rehabilitation, strength training has now been incorporated into preventive programs to reduce financial costs related to absence of employees in work, prevent injuries, and improve athletic performance in sports settings [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the best moment to apply phototherapy when associated to a strength training program? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

et al. 2016

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The effects of phototherapy (or photobiomodulation therapy) with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on human performance improvement have been widely studied. Few studies have examined its effect on muscular training and no studies have explored the necessary moment of phototherapy irradiations (i.e., before and/or after training sessions). The aim of this study was to determine the optimal moment to apply phototherapy irradiation when used in association with strength training. Forty-eight male volunteers (age between 18 to 35 years old) completed all procedures in this study. Volunteers performed the strength training protocol where either a phototherapy and/or placebo before and/or after each training session was performed using cluster probes with four laser diodes of 905 nm, four LEDs of 875 nm, and four LEDs of 640 nm-manufactured by Multi Radiance Medical™. The training protocol duration was 12 weeks with assessments of peak torque reached in maximum voluntary contraction test (MVC), load in 1-repetition maximum test (1-RM) and thigh circumference (perimetry) at larger cross-sectional area (CSA) at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Volunteers from group treated with phototherapy before and placebo after training sessions showed significant (p < 0.05) changes in MVC and 1-RM tests for both exercises (leg extension and leg press) when compared to other groups. With an apparent lack of side effects and safety due to no thermal damage to the tissue, we conclude that the application of phototherapy yields enhanced strength gains when it is applied before exercise. The application may have additional beneficial value in post-injury rehabilitation where strength improvements are needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the best moment to apply phototherapy when associated to a strength training program? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

et al. 2016

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“…As previously discussed, the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance, and the main tissues in the body that are sensitive to insulin are muscles and adipose cells. Resistance training changes body composition (e.g., increases skeletal muscle mass), improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces HbA 1c (61,62).…”

Section: Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathophysiology of Hyperglycemia in Older Adults: Clinical Considerations

2017

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Nearly a quarter of older adults in the U.S. have type 2 diabetes, and this population is continuing to increase with the aging of the population. Older adults are at high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes due to the combined effects of genetic, lifestyle, and aging influences. The usual defects contributing to type 2 diabetes are further complicated by the natural physiological changes associated with aging as well as the comorbidities and functional impairments that are often present in older people. This paper reviews the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes among older adults and the implications for hyperglycemia management in this population.Diabetes is one of the leading chronic medical conditions among older adults, with high risk for vascular comorbidities such as coronary artery disease, physical and cognitive function impairment, and mortality. Despite decades of effort to prevent diabetes, diabetes remains an epidemic condition with particularly high morbidity affecting older adults. In fact, nearly 11 million people in the U.S. aged 65 years or older (more than 26% of adults aged 65 years or older) meet current American Diabetes Association criteria for diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed), accounting for more than 37% of the adult population with diabetes (1). At the same time, adults 65 years or older are developing diabetes at a rate nearly three-times higher than younger adults: 11.5 per 1,000 people compared with 3.6 per 1,000 people among adults aged 20-44 years old (1). However, increasing research in diabetes and aging has improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes and its association with aging and led to the development of a number of antihyperglycemic medications. The mechanism of diabetes complications has been previously reviewed (2). The current paper reviews the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes among older adults and the implications for hyperglycemia management in this population. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETESType 2 diabetes is by far the most prevalent form of diabetes in older adults and is an age-related disorder. The criteria for diagnosing diabetes are the same for all age groups because the risks of diabetes-related complications are associated with hyperglycemia over time across all age groups (3). Older adults are at high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes due to the combined effects of genetic, lifestyle, and aging influences. These factors contribute to hyperglycemia through effects on both b-cell insulin secretory capacity and on tissue sensitivity to insulin. The occurrence of type 2 diabetes in an older person is complicated by the comorbidities and functional impairments associated with aging.Hyperglycemia develops in type 2 diabetes when there is an imbalance of glucose production (i.e., hepatic glucose production during fasting) and glucose intake (i.e.,

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“…Overall, PRT had the largest effect on the musculoskeletal measures (muscle size, strength, and quality defined as strength per unit of muscle mass), especially lower body muscles, followed by disease process measures (glycemic control and metabolic profile), whereas the smallest effect was seen on the body composition measures (body fat). 45 A combination of both exercise modalities may be optimal. In a study of 136 sedentary and abdominally obese older people with diabetes, mean (SD) age 67.7 (5.1) years, the combination of resistance (60 minutes) and aerobic (90 minutes) exercise, performed across 3 days per week was the optimal exercise strategy for simultaneous reduction in insulin resistance and improvement in function.…”

Section: Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%