“…In CSCL, the use of constraint-base group formation approaches is justified mostly by the evidence that free collaboration might not produces systematic learning outcomes (STAHL; KOSCHMANN;SUTHERS, 2006;BARKLEY;MAJOR;CROSS, 2014;ISOTANI et al, 2009a). However, in some situations, the lack of choice when forming groups can negatively influence the basic psychological needs of the learners (i.e., autonomy, relatedness, and competence) (PATALL; COOPER; ROBINSON, 2008;RYAN;DECI, 2000b) therefore impacting their motivation, and as a consequence it might hinder their willingness to join groups (MURPHY, 2005;ROBERTS;MCINNERNEY, 2007;SHIMAZOE;ALDRICH, 2010;SMITH et al, 2011;SEI-DEL;TANNER, 2013;BOVILL;FELTEN;COOK-SATHER, 2014;CHAMBLISS;TAKACS, 2014;YUSOP;BASAR, 2016).…”