Resistance to phosphine in Sitophilus oryzae in Australia: A national analysis of trends and frequencies over time and geographical spread

An analysis of trends, frequencies and factors influencing the development of resistance to phosphine in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in Australia

“…This is in line with the earlier findings from AGIRD analyses of two other pest species S. oryzae (Holloway et al, 2016) and R. dominica (Collins et al, 2017). These recent studies have also established that strong resistance is yet to be detected in these two species in the western region and all such detections have been Fig.…”

“…When compared with data generated from the recent analyses of AGIRD for two other key pest species, R. dominica (Collins et al, 2017) and S. oryzae (Holloway et al, 2016), Dubbo in New South Wales also featured prominently for harbouring a significant proportion of the strongly resistant populations of both these species. Compared to the southern region, this part of New South Wales is highly productive with a high degree of grain movement including concentration of storage facilities, several of which are not well equipped for fumigation.…”

“…T. castaneum adult populations collected from different storages were marked individually as field strains with unique codes for their entry in the AGIRD database for future reference and cultured on a diet of wholemeal flour plus 2% yeast at laboratory regimes of 27e30 C and 55e60% RH. The first generation adult progeny (1e2 weeks post eclosion) from these cultures were tested for resistance to phosphine following the bioassay method described by Holloway et al (2016).…”

“…Although there are numerous reports available in the literature on the detection of phosphine resistance in key stored grain pests across the globe, analysis of country-wide resistance trends and frequencies have been limited to only two reports (Holloway et al, 2016;Collins et al, 2017). Falk et al (2014) used standard exploratory statistics methods on a subset of data stored in AGIRD and established a hurdle model that fits appropriately to give us insight into important events such as development of strong resistance to phosphine in key pest species.…”

“…Falk et al (2014) used standard exploratory statistics methods on a subset of data stored in AGIRD and established a hurdle model that fits appropriately to give us insight into important events such as development of strong resistance to phosphine in key pest species. Since then, the model has been successfully applied to AGIRD data accumulated over two decades to critically analyse resistance developments in two key pest species, S. oryzae (Holloway et al, 2016) and R. dominica (Collins et al, 2017). This paper, as part of ongoing research involving further data mining of the AGIRD, will attempt to deal with the cosmopolitan pest, the red flour beetle T. castaneum.…”