Resistance to new chemical insecticides in the house fly, Musca domestica L., from dairies in Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

The house fly, Musca domestica L., is one of the major pests in dairy operations that has developed resistance to a number of insecticides with different modes of action. Adult house fly populations from six dairies in Punjab, Pakistan were evaluated for resistance to insecticides with novel modes of action (abamectin, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, and spinosad). Significant levels of resistance to most of the insecticides tested were observed in the present study. For avermectins at LC50 level, the resistance ratios were in the range of 38.40 to 94.44-fold for abamectin and 13.16 to 36.30-fold for emamectin benzoate. Fipronil LC50 resistance ratios exceeded 10-fold in three house fly populations, while all the populations had >10-fold resistance ratios for imidacloprid. Indoxacarb and spinosad had the lowest resistance ratios that ranged from 3.02 to 7.12-fold for indoxacarb and 2.91 to 9.0-fold for spinosad. As the resistance to fipronil, indoxacarb, and spinosad are emerging, therefore these chemicals should be used cautiously in management programs to retain the efficacy for longer times.

The Effect of Temperature on the Toxicity of Insecticides against Musca domestica L.: Implications for the Effective Management of Diarrhea

“…In addition, the survey revealed that there was a lack of systematic management plan for house flies which ultimately lead to malpractices like inappropriate chemical use with no importance to season specific insecticides, storage of animal manure in open places etc. These measures resulted in the development of insecticide resistance in house flies [12], [13] and may also be responsible for the high rate of diarrhea cases in urban and rural settings in Pakistan.…”

Combination of Phagostimulant and Visual Lure as an Effective Tool in Designing House Fly Toxic Baits: A Laboratory Evaluation

“…Four insecticide solutions viz., fipronil (Regent ® 36EC, Bayer Crop Sciences), imidacloprid (Confidor ® 20SL, Bayer Crop Sciences), indoxacarb (Steward ® 15SC, DuPont) and spinosad were prepared at their median lethal concentrations [3] in 20% sugar solution. Recently it has been reported that some of the dairy farmers in Punjab, Pakistan used these insecticides for the management of flies [3,23].…”

“…Recently it has been reported that some of the dairy farmers in Punjab, Pakistan used these insecticides for the management of flies [3,23]. For the toxicity experiment, the most attractive dark blue fabric strips, from the visual attraction experiments, were treated with a specific insecticide solution and were hung in separate mesh cages in the same way as was used in the no choice arena (see above).…”

“…Recent reports on insecticide resistance development in house flies to different insecticides from organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid and new chemical classes in Punjab, Pakistan [2,3], stress the need to explore alternate control methods, like toxic baits, by which resistance and environmental contamination are minimized. Therefore, keeping in view the importance of toxic baits, following studies were carried out to: 1) evaluate the preference of house flies towards different colored fabric strips in “choice” and “no choice” experiments; 2) evaluate relative efficacies of different insecticides along with phagostimulant coated on colored fabric strips.…”

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels as Insecticide Targets

“…For nearly all of these reported cases, the resistance was associated with metabolic detoxification and can be overcome with metabolic inhibitors (Ahmad and Hollingworth, 2004; Ahmad et al, 2002; Khakame et al, 2013; Khan et al, 2013; Pang et al, 2012; Sayyed and Wright, 2006; Shad et al, 2012). To our knowledge, target-site-mediated resistance to SCBIs has not been reported yet.…”