Resistance to extinction as a function of the type of response elicited by frustration.

Resistance to extinction as a function of delay of reinforcement and the opportunity to retrace in the runway

“…Introduction of the secondary-reinforcing buzzer cue during extinction in these experiments was apparently an important factor accounting for our failure to replicate the earlier results of Adelman & Maatsch (1955). The strong motivating power of this cue is indicated by the reliably greater tendency of Ss with the delayed cue in Experiment 1 to remain in the goalbox until the presentation of the cue.…”

“…The intention was to evaluate an implication of the interference theory of extinction, which holds that extinction consists essentially of the replacement of the learned response by newly learned "competing" responses. Adelman & Maatsch (1955) have reported that rats permitted to retrace from the goalbox during extinction were reliably less resistant to extinction than rats maintained in the goalbox in the usual manner. More recently, however, Longstreth (1964) has reported three experiments in which removal of S immediately after the working of a competing response (turning, climbing a Wall) in the goalbox did not facUitate extinction.…”

Time spent in the goal box: Effects of frequency and schedule of reinforcement

“…Its use has produced a vast experimental literature on the tendency to approach the goal region (Tij), but very little on Tji' the tendency to leave the goal region (Adelman & Maatsch, 1955;Brown, 1948;Lewis, 1964). In particular, Tji has not been studied in the context of partial reinforcement, although it bears on explanations of the partial reinforcement effect which refer to frustrative nonreward in j (Amsel, 1958).…”

Facets of Pavlovian and operant extinction

“…This approach is not without its critics, however, even within behavior analysis (e.g., Staddon, 1993). Some theories of operant extinction include such hypothetical constructs as competing responses (e.g., Adelman & Maatsch, 1955) and inhibition (Hearst et al, 1970). Nonetheless, this generally functional approach has advanced both the understanding of extinction and the use of extinction in a host of applications.…”