Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in pathogenic strains of Verticillium fungicola

Bollen, G.J.; Zaayen, A. van

doi:10.1007/bf01976327

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…The ECs0 values of other strains ranged from 50 to 500 mg 1-1, showing that these strains are resistant to benomyl. Indeed, the ECs0 values obtained were higher than that published [3,5,7].…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 79%

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In vitro sensitivity of Verticillium fungicola to selected fungicides

Gea¹,

Tello

Honrubia

1996

Mycopathologia

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Twenty isolates of Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola collected from diseased fruit-bodies of Agaricus bisporus from prochloraz-treated crops, were exposed to a range of concentrations of six chemicals (benomyl, chlorothalonil, formaldehyde, iprodione, prochloraz-Mn-complex and prochloraz + carbendazim) in vitro. EC(50) values were determined for each fungus-fungicide combination. All isolates were more sensitive to prochloraz-Mn-complex (EC(50) values less than 5 mg 1(-1)) than to the remainder fungicides, and only seven isolates were moderately sensitive (EC(50) values between 5 and 50 mg 1(-1)) to prochloraz + carbendazim. All isolates were moderately sensitive to formaldehyde, whereas the majority of isolates were very resistant to the other three fungicides (benomyl, chlorothalonil and iprodione).

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 79%

“…These compounds were used in mushroom industry, to the virtual exclusion of all others, until strains of V. fungicola var. fungicola resistant to benzimidazole compounds and thiophanate-methyl were noticed [5][6][7]. An alternative to the MBC fungicides was chlorothalonil [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro sensitivity of Verticillium fungicola to selected fungicides

Gea¹,

Tello

Honrubia

1996

Mycopathologia

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“…Mushrooms of A. bisporus and A. bitorquis were grown as described by Bollen and Van Zaayen (1975), and Van Zaayen and Van der Pol-Luiten (1977), respectively. The growing temperatures were 25 ~ during mycelial growth and 16 -18 ~ during harvesting for A. bisporus, and 30 ~ during mycelial growth and 25 ~ during harvesting for A. bitorquis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…fungicola since this variety is often tolerant to such fungicides (Bollen and Van Zaayen, 1975). Benomyl does not control V. fungicola var.…”

Section: Other Species Tested For Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

Zaayen¹,

Gams

1982

Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology

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In recent years in the Netherlands a second mushroom species, Agaricus bitorquis, which prefers higher temperatures than A. bisporus and is less susceptible to certain diseases, is often commercially grown. Verticilliumfungicola var. fungicola, the causal agent of dry bubble, is responsible for considerable damage in crops ofA. bisporus. In A. bitorquis, however, dry bubble has hardly been noticed, but brown spots due to V. fungicola var. aleophilum resulted in inferior mushroom quality. The latter variety also caused brown spots in A. bisporus, but to a minor degree. In variety Les Miz 60 of A. bisporus, however, it also induced fruit-body deformation in a way different from dry bubble.Verticillium psalliotae, isolated from A. bitorquis in England, induced more confluent brown spots in A. bitorquis. In the Netherlands, where more A. bitorquis is grown than in other countries, V. psalliotae has not yet been encountered in crops of A. bitorquis. V. psalliotae, which has a high temperature optimum for mycelial growth, like V. fungicola var. aleophilum and A. bitorquis, did not infect A. bisporus in our trials.Artificial infection of A. bisporus or A. bitorquis could not be accomplished with the following related and/or fungicolous fungi: Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var. flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum and Aphanocladium album.

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Heat resistance, biology and prevention of Diehliomyces microsporus in crops of Agaricus species

Zaayen

Pol-Luiten

1977

Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology

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Soon after its introduction the mushroom species Agaricus bitorquis, which is immune to virus disease and prefers a warm climate, was threatened by the competitor Diehliomyces microsporus, false truffle. This fungus also likes warmth, and used to occur in crops ofA. bisporus.Mycelium and ascocarps were grown on several nutrient media. Optimum temperatures for mycelial growth were 26~ and 32~ with a slight depression at 30~ In trials in isolated growingrooms strain Somycel 2.017 of A. bitorquis was generally used since it appeared to be highly sensitive to the competition of false truffle. Inoculation with mycelium, ascocarps or ascospores of D. microsporus nearly always resulted in the presence of the competitor and in decreased mushroom yields. Even ten spores per m 2 caused D. microsporus. The time of inoculation was most important: irrespective of the kind of inoculum, inoculation only resulted in both false truffle and yield loss, if applied from spawning until a few days after casing. Inoculation at a later date could result in false truffle, but yield was not decreased.As germination in vitro of ascospores failed, even after addition of various triggers, ascospore suspensions were treated at various temperatures for several periods, Then mushroom growing trays spawned with Somycel 2.017 were inoculated with the treated suspensions giving 7 11 x 10 v spores/m z. The ascospores could not withstand 85~ for 0,5 h, 80~ for l h and 70~ for 3 h. Spontaneous incidence of false truffle, however, could not always be prevented and interfered with the results of these trials. It is possible that the thermal death-point of the ascospores is below 85 ~ Fruiting bodies and ascospores did not survive 'peak-heating' at the beginning and cooking out (compost temperature 12 h at 70~ at the end of a crop. After cooking out, however, D. microsporus could still be present in the wood of trays and contaminat~ a following crop if no wood preservative was applied.Yield of Somycel 2.017 was reduced by the competition of D. microsporus much more than yields of other strains of A. bitorquis. The least sensitive were the highly productive strains Horst K26 and Horst K32.The effects of fungicides on D. microsporus in vitro and in growing trials did not correspond. The fungicides tested so far could not prevent or control D. microsporus. Growing of less sensitive strains of A. bitorquis together with sanitary measures early in the crop and at the end of the crop, however, can prevent the competitor.

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Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in pathogenic strains of Verticillium fungicola

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

In vitro sensitivity of Verticillium fungicola to selected fungicides

In vitro sensitivity of Verticillium fungicola to selected fungicides

Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

Heat resistance, biology and prevention of Diehliomyces microsporus in crops of Agaricus species

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