Resistance testing and the effectiveness of difenacoum against Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a tyrosine139cysteine focus of anticoagulant resistance, Westphalia, Germany

Abstract

The study showed that, although the RF for difenacoum among rats carrying the Y139C SNP was apparently low, an acceptable level of control of resistant Norway rat infestations was not achieved using difenacoum. Continued use of anticoagulants against rats that are resistant to them will exacerbate resistance problems in terms of both increased severity and prevalence. These conclusions are likely to apply elsewhere in Europe where the Y139C SNP occurs.

Development of an Ecofriendly Anticoagulant Rodenticide Based on the Stereochemistry of Difenacoum

“…It is efficient to control warfarin-resistant rodent populations , (Hadler and Shadbolt, 1975), (RRAC, 2015) and would be less toxic for non-target species than for target species (Buckle and Smith eds, 2015). This molecule is widely used worldwide (Buckle et al, 2013), (Atterby et al, 2005), (Hughes et al, 2013). For example difenacoum was reported to be used on approximatively 45% of agricultural premises in Great Britain (Buckle et al, 2013), (Atterby et al, 2005).…”

“…This molecule is widely used worldwide (Buckle et al, 2013), (Atterby et al, 2005), (Hughes et al, 2013). For example difenacoum was reported to be used on approximatively 45% of agricultural premises in Great Britain (Buckle et al, 2013), (Atterby et al, 2005). It is used to control rodent pests in and around buildings, in waste sites and in sewers (European Parliament, 2009) but, according to the European countries, not always authorized in open areas because of its associated ecotoxicity.…”

Distribution of anticoagulant rodenticide resistance inRattus norvegicusin the Netherlands according toVkorc1mutations

“…In Germany, in 2007 the area in which resistant R. norvegicus with the (Tyr139Cys) genotype were encountered stretched from Westphalia into southern Lower Saxony . In the United Kingdom, where virtually all known resistance mutations are found, resistant R. norvegicus were found in Cambridge/Essex, Nottinghamshire, Kent, Gloucestershire, Norfolk and Lincolnshire, south‐west Scotland, Hampshire and Berkshire, the Anglo‐Welsh border, central southern Scotland, Yorkshire and Lancashire . Resistance against second‐generation rodenticides is also present in a number of other European countries, namely across the whole of Denmark (Bornholm, Fünen, Jutland and Zealand), Belgium (Flanders) and large parts of France (e.g.…”

Monitoring of Rattus norvegicus based on non-toxic bait containing encapsulated fluorescent dye: Laboratory and semi-field validation study

“…Because of the significance of R. norvegicus, this species must be systematically controlled using an integrated pest control (IPM) approach. However, efficient control of R. norvegicus is becoming increasingly difficult because of the physiological (e.g., Endepols et al, 2011;Buckle et al, 2013;Esther et al, 2014) and behavioural resistance (Brunton et al, 1993;Buckle and Prescott, 2011) of this species to toxic anticoagulant baits and because of the continuing trend of limiting various active ingredients and formulations of toxic baits in the EU.…”