Thermal spraying consists in a technology aiming at producing coatings whose
thicknesses range from 10 μm to a few millimeters onto mechanical components to confer them
specific and unique functional properties, such as wear and corrosion resistances, friction
coefficient adaptation, thermal and electrical insulation, biocompatibility, repair, etc., among the
principals. Thermal spraying consists in injecting in a viscous enthalpic jet (animated by a
momentum) powder with particles which average size ranges from 0.01 to 100 μm. These particles
are melted and simultaneously accelerated towards the surface of the part to be covered. They form,
after impact, spreading and solidification, near-circular lamellae the stacking of which form the
coating. Due to the versatility of the available processes exhibiting a wide range of enthalpic and
momentum contents, virtually any kind of material exhibiting congruent melting behavior can be
processed, from alloys and ceramics to polymers, ever since its melting temperature differs from its
vaporization or decomposition temperature by at least 300 K and that it can be processed previously
under the form of powder particles or wires.
Thermal spray techniques offer the unique capability to manufacture a large variety of coatings on
components of a large variety and geometry. However, thermal spraying constitutes a special
process for which the coating service properties derive mostly from the structure and indirectly
from the selection of the operating parameters. Very significant improvements over the past years
permitted to diagnose the in-flight particle characteristics, mostly in terms of velocity and
temperature. Recently, these new capabilities have made possible the development of on-line
process controls. This should participate to a drastic increase in coating reliability.
In convetntional thermal spraying processes, a pulverulent feedstock (i.e., powder particles) is
injected within the plasma jet via a carrier gas. This approach does not permit to process small
diameter particles; i.e., nano-sized particles, which could permit to form finely grained coatings.
Replacing gas by liquid to carry particles offer the unique possibility to process nano-sized
particles. Cold gas spraying may appear as an alternative process to reach the same goal.
Indeed, thermal spray processes experienced very significant developments over the past years,
opening new doors to manufacture coatings with a high reliability and superior properties.
This papepr indend at presenting some of those developments.