Resistance of Quench and Partitioned Steels Against Hydrogen Embrittlement

Elsayed, Hamdi; Drexler, Andreas; Warchomicka, Fernando; Traxler, Ines; Domitner, Josef; Galler, Matthew; Vallant, Rudolf; Sommitsch, Christof

doi:10.1007/s11665-022-07438-4

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…[8,9] Therefore, the qualification of structural materials with respect to their resistivity against hydrogen embrittlement mainly relies on experimental testing and standards. [10,11] Autoclave systems for testing and qualifying steels that are used in high-pressure applications of gaseous hydrogen are very common. [6,[12][13][14][15] Two different setups are widely used: 1) closed autoclaves that do not allow for any manipulation of the samples during testing, and 2) autoclaves with protruding sample holders for quasi-static testing or fatigue testing under high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tensile Loading and Temperature on the Hydrogen Solubility of Steels at High Gas Pressure

Drexler,

Konert,

Nietzke

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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The hydrogen solubility in ferritic and martensitic steels is affected by hydrostatic stress, pressure and temperature. In general, compressive stresses decrease but tensile stresses increase the hydrogen solubility. This important aspect must be considered when qualifying materials for high‐pressure hydrogen applications (e.g., for pipelines or tanks) by using autoclave systems. This work proposes a pressure equivalent for compensating the effect of compressive stresses on the hydrogen solubility inside of closed autoclaves, to achieve solubilities that are equivalent to those in pipelines and tanks subjected to tensile stresses. Moreover, it is shown that the temperature effect becomes critical at low temperatures (e.g., under cryogenic conditions for storing liquid hydrogen). Trapping of hydrogen in the microstructure can increase the hydrogen solubility with decreasing temperature, having a solubility minimum at about room temperature. In order to demonstrate this effect, the generalized law of the hydrogen solubility is parametrized for different steels using measured contents of gaseous hydrogen. The constant parameter sets are verified and critically discussed with respect to the high‐pressure hydrogen experiments.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tensile Loading and Temperature on the Hydrogen Solubility of Steels at High Gas Pressure

Drexler,

Konert,

Nietzke

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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“…In addition, it has been found that various microstructures show quite different susceptibilities to HE. For QP steels, martensite, as a hard phase, is considered to be most sensitive to HE, while ferrite, as a soft phase, is considered to be less susceptible to HE [15]. However, as for RA, how it influences the HE is still controversial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of a Commercial QP980 Steel

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Metals

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The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior of a commercial QP980 steel is studied in this work. The HE susceptibility results indicate that QP980 suffers from a severe HE, and the fracture mode transforms from ductile dimpling to brittle quasi-cleavage under the attack of hydrogen. The EBSD results show that strain-induced martensite transformation can rarely occur at a strain close to the HE fracture strain, which is mainly attributed to the high mechanical stability of austenite. The TKD-KAM analysis results indicate that hydrogen-induced strain localization in martensite can be mitigated by the hydrogen-trapping effect of surrounding austenite, while it is most pronounced in martensite adjacent to ferrite. Correspondingly, HE cracking is considered to initiate in martensite adjacent to ferrite under the synergistic action of HELP and HEDE mechanisms, and then cracks can propagate through ferrite or along phase interfaces. Our findings suggest that to further improve the HE resistance of QP steel with stable austenite, it is necessary to consider introducing effective hydrogen-trapping sites (such as carbides, film austenite) into martensite, which is deemed to be beneficial for increasing the resistance against hydrogen-induced cracking initiation in martensite.

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“…Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steels as a new class of advanced high-strength steels emerged in the early 2000s and has opened new avenues for producing ultra-high strength and formable steel grades [8]. The promising properties of Q&P steels demonstrated in the laboratory have led to extensive research efforts to understand their microstructure and properties [9]- [11]. However, industrial-scale adoption of Q&P steels has been relatively slow, owing to several factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra High Strength Steels for Roll Formed Automotive Body in White

Hardwicke

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One of the more recent steel developments is the quenching and partitioning process, first proposed by Speer et al. in 2003 on developing 3rd generation advanced highstrength steel (AHSS). The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process set a new way of producing martensitic steels with enhanced austenite levels, realised through controlled thermal treatments. The main objective of the so-called 3rd generation steels was to realise comparable properties to the 2nd generation but without high alloying additions. Generally, Q&P steels have remained within lab-scale environments, with only a small number of Q&P steels produced industrially. Q&P steels are produced either by a one-step or two-step process, and the re-heating mechanism for the two-step adds additional complexities when heat treating the material industrially. The Q&P steels developed and tested throughout this thesis have been designed to achieve the desired microstructural evolution whilst fitting in with Tata's continuous annealing processing line (CAPL) capabilities. The CALPHAD approach using a combination of thermodynamics, kinetics, and phase transformation theory with software packages ThermoCalc and JMatPro has been successfully deployed to find novel Q&P steels. The research undertaken throughout this thesis has led to two novel Q&P steels, which can be produced on CAPL without making any infrastructure changes to the line. The two novel Q&P steels show an apparent reduction in hardness mismatch, illustrated visually and numerically after nanoindentation experiments. The properties realised after Q&P heat treatments on the C-Mn-Si alloy with 0.2 Wt.% C and the C-Mn-Si alloy with the small Cr addition is superior to the commercially available QP980/1180 steels by BaoSteel. Both novel alloys had comparable levels of elongation and hole expansion ratio to QP1180 but are substantially stronger with a > 320MPa increase in tensile stress. The heat treatment is also less complex as there is no requirement to heat the steel back up after quenching due to one-step quenching and partitioning being employed on the novel alloys.

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Resistance of Quench and Partitioned Steels Against Hydrogen Embrittlement

Cited by 6 publications

References 61 publications

Effect of Tensile Loading and Temperature on the Hydrogen Solubility of Steels at High Gas Pressure

Effect of Tensile Loading and Temperature on the Hydrogen Solubility of Steels at High Gas Pressure

Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of a Commercial QP980 Steel

Ultra High Strength Steels for Roll Formed Automotive Body in White

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