Resistance of fully imbibed tomato seeds to very high salinities

Kurth, Eva; Jensen, Anne; Epstein, Emanuel

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01625.x

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Determination of germination potential of seeds in saline conditions presents simple and useful parameters, provided that tolerance at the seedling stage reflects enhanced salinity tolerance at the adult plant level. However, most investigators have been unable to demonstrate a relationship between germination under laboratory high salt conditions and later growth stages across a range of species, particularly bread wheat (Kingsbury and Epstein 1984;Francois et al 1986;Ashraf and McNeilly 1988), durum wheat (Almansouri et al 2001), barley (Norlyn and Epstein 1982), tomato (Kurth et al 1986), and alfalfa (Rogers et al 1995). Possible reasons can be that the processes which control cell expansion during germination and subsequent growth are entirely different.…”

Section: Transgenic Linesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view

Arzani

2008

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant

215

132

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Salinity limits the production capabilities of agricultural soils in large areas of the world. Both breeding and screening germplasm for salt tolerance encounter the following limitations: (a) different phenotypic responses of plants at different growth stages, (b) different physiological mechanisms, (c) complicated genotype × environment interactions, and (d) variability of the salt-affected field in its chemical and physical soil composition. Plant molecular and physiological traits provide the bases for efficient germplasm screening procedures through traditional breeding, molecular breeding, and transgenic approaches. However, the quantitative nature of salinity stress tolerance and the problems associated with developing appropriate and replicable testing environments make it difficult to distinguish salt-tolerant lines from sensitive lines. In order to develop more efficient screening procedures for germplasm evaluation and improvement of salt tolerance, implementation of a rapid and reliable screening procedure is essential. Field selection for salinity tolerance is a laborious task; therefore, plant breeders are seeking reliable ways to assess the salt tolerance of plant germplasm. Salt tolerance in several plant species may operate at the cellular level, and glycophytes are believed to have special cellular mechanisms for salt tolerance. Ion exclusion, ion sequestration, osmotic adjustment, macromolecule protection, and membrane transport system adaptation to saline environments are important strategies that may confer salt tolerance to plants. Cell and tissue culture techniques have been used to obtain salt tolerant plants employing two in vitro culture approaches. The first approach is selection of mutant cell lines from cultured cells and plant regeneration from such cells (somaclones). In vitro screening of plant germplasm for salt tolerance is the second approach, and a successful employment of this method in durum wheat is presented here. Doubled haploid lines derived from pollen culture of F 1 hybrids of salt-tolerant parents are promising tools to further improve salt tolerance of plant cultivars. Enhancement of resistance against both hyper-osmotic stress and ion toxicity may also be achieved via molecular breeding of salt-tolerant plants using either molecular markers or genetic engineering.

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Section: Transgenic Linesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view

Arzani

2008

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant

215

132

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“…4 and 10 mM Ca2+ in the absence of NaCl imply that Ca2" levels play as important a role in cell cycle kinetics in plants as they do in animals (8). It is also worth noting that salinity and osmotic stress are not always inhibitory to cell production, which proceeds at a normal rate in severely salt-stressed tomato embryos (21) and incompletely hydrated carrot embryos (1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of NaCl and CaCl₂ on Cell Enlargement and Cell Production in Cotton Roots

Kurth¹,

Cramer²,

Läuchli³

et al. 1986

Plant Physiol.

174

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In many crop species, supplemental Ca2l alleviates the inhibition of growth typical of exposure to salt stress. In hydroponically grown cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Acala SJ-2), both length and weight of the primary root were enhanced by moderate salinities (25 to 100 millimolar NaCQ) in the presence of 10 millimolar Ca2", but the roots became thinner. Anatomical analysis showed that the cortical cells of these roots were longer and narrower than those of the control plants, while cortical cells of roots grown at the same salinities but in the presence of only 0.4 millimolar Ca2" became shorter and more nearly isodiametrical. Cell volume, however, was not affected by salinities up to 200 millimolar NaCl at either OA or 10 millimolar Ca2". Our observations suggest Ca2-dependent effects of salinity on the cytoskeleton. The rate of cell production declined with increasing salinity at 0.4 millimolar Ca21 but at 10 millimolar Ca2@ was not affected by salinities up to 150 millimolar NaCI.salt-resistant crop species, is, nonetheless, fairly salt-sensitive during the seedling stage (20). Supplemental Ca reduced Na+ influx, improved K+/Na+ selectivity and actually stimulated root growth at salinities up to 150 mM NaCl (GR Cramer, unpublished data;6,14); furthermore, it seemed to improve the resistance of the roots to microbial attack (20 and references therein).The Ca2" level of the medium also influenced the morphology of salt-stressed roots: roots grown in the presence of 10 mm Ca2"were not only longer but also thinner than roots grown in 0.4 mM Ca2? (6). This raised the question whether the observed changes in growth were mediated through changes in cell size, the rate of cell production, or both (29, 34). We here report that salinities up to 150 mm NaCl affect cell production only when Ca2" levels are relatively low. The three-dimensional shape of root cells, but not cell volume, is also differentially affected by salinity depending on the external Ca2" concentration, which suggests direct or indirect effects of Na+ and Ca2" on the cytoskeleton.Most crop plants suffer a decline in growth when exposed to saline conditions. The deleterious effects of salinity are thought to result from water stress, ion toxicities, ion imbalance, or a combination ofthese factors. One ofthe requirements for growth is maintenance ofcell turgor above a threshold level; under saline conditions, osmotic withdrawal of water from enlarging cells may cause their turgor pressure to drop below the threshold.Unless the plant can generate a sufficiently negative osmotic potential to reverse the flow of water, either by uptake of ions from the medium or by synthesis of organic osmotica, growth will stop. Ion imbalances in plants can, for example, occur when high concentrations of Na+ in the soil reduce the amounts of available K+, Mg2", and Ca2" (10) or when Na+ displaces membrane-bound Ca2+ (7). Sometimes Na+ has direct toxic effects, as when it interferes with enzyme structure and function. It may also interfere with the fun...

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“…**Permanent address : Botany Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt . 24], seedling survival and growth [20,28], vegetative and reproductive growth [19,29], to salinity-stress is probably controlled by a number of genes. For this reason single selection techniques are not likely to select for all of these traits .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of salt-induced epinasty by ?-aminooxyacetic acid and cobalt

Jones

El-Abd

1989

Plant Growth Regul

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Ethylene production in leaf petiole and laminae tissues was stimulated in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill . cv . UCT5) plants exposed to salinity-stress . At the highest salinity level (250 mM NaCl), rates of ethylene production more than doubled over those observed in non-stressed plants. Correspondingly, petiolar epinasty increased with increasing levels of stress impositions . Both responses were suppressed when either 1 mM a-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), or 100,uM Cot+ was simultaneously applied . Co l-1 , but not AOA, had a pronounced effect on ethylene production resulting from the application of a saturating dose (2 mM) of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene. This result suggests that ethylene production is dependent upon the activity of ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) . The magnitude of ethylene stimulation in leaf petioles was related to the salinity level imposed and to the induction of petiole epinasty . In the absence of stress impositions, epinastic responsiveness to ethylene or its precursor, ACC, might provide a simple, indirect criteria to adjudge salt-sensitivity among plants .

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Resistance of fully imbibed tomato seeds to very high salinities

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view

Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view

Effects of NaCl and CaCl₂ on Cell Enlargement and Cell Production in Cotton Roots

Prevention of salt-induced epinasty by ?-aminooxyacetic acid and cobalt

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Resistance of fully imbibed tomato seeds to very high salinities

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view

Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view

Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 on Cell Enlargement and Cell Production in Cotton Roots

Prevention of salt-induced epinasty by ?-aminooxyacetic acid and cobalt

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Effects of NaCl and CaCl₂ on Cell Enlargement and Cell Production in Cotton Roots