Resistance of equine tibiae and radii to side impact loads

Piskoty, G.; Jäggin, S.; Suéry, M.; Weisse, Bernhard; Terrasi, Giovanni P.; Fürst, Anton

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00560.x

Cited by 10 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Each of our bones were fractured afterwards in a side impact test, see (Fürst et al 2008b, Piskoty et al 2012) and the two static properties could be used as characteristic strength values of these individual bones. During the evaluation phase of the whole program we tried to find cross-correlations between the various properties of the bones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The load was introduced in the centre of the span width in medio-lateral direction by a cylindrical steel pin (diameter = 7 mm) oriented perpendicularly to the bone axis. This orientation was chosen because the impact tests (Piskoty et al 2012) were planned to direct the impact load in this sense. The load was applied in steps of 1'000 N up to a total load of 4'000 N, followed by unloading back to zero with the same step width.…”

Section: Materials Selection Preparation and Pre-test Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bending and torsional stiffness measurements of equine radii and tibiae

Suéry

Piskoty

Schmidlin

et al. 2014

PHK

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Summary: This study was a re-evaluation of static mechanical testing of equine long bones as part of a larger study on impact failure modes and strength of the same bones. Supplementary to other morphological and mechanical tests, static stiffness properties of these long bones were non-destructively determined. The goal was to quantify stiffness properties of the diaphysis of equine radii and tibiae in quasi-static bending as well as when loaded in torsion and to check for possible age and gender effects on these properties. Fifty-six equine bones (tibiae and radii) from fifteen horses were first tested in a torsion machine and subsequently fifty-five of them investigated using a 3-point-bending test-setup. A maximum torque of 150 N*m and a maximum bending moment of 920 N*m were applied in steps. Loading and unloading was performed in order to check for hysteresis effects. The outcome for both type of bones (tibiae and radii) was described statistically in relation to age (young, middle aged, and old) and gender (geldings and mares). Additional information on the side (left and right), breed and use of the horse (competition versus 'other', such as pleasure) was excluded from statistical modelling after preliminary analysis. While the loading-unloading cycles in bending showed some hysteresis due to localized deformation, the unloading curve followed the loading curve in torsional loading. Bending stiffness of tibiae is on average 6'813 N/mm and of radii 6'130 N/mm. Torsional stiffness of tibiae is 2.36*10 6 N*m(rad/mm), and of radii 1.90*10 6 N*m(rad/mm). Tibiae were clearly stiffer than radii. A trend of higher bone stiffness for geldings compared with mares and for younger horses could be found, although not statistically significant.Keywords: bones / horses / bending / torsion / stiffness / orthopedics Citation: Michel S., Piskoty G., Schmidlin A., Fürst A. (2014) Bending and torsional stiffness measurements of equine radii and tibiae. Pferdeheilkunde 30, 577-584Correspondence: Silvain Michel, Dipl. Ing. ETH, Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa -Materials Science and Technology, Überland-strasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland, E-mail: silvain.michel@empa.chBending and torsional stiffness measurements of equine radii and tibiae S. Michel et al.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Selection Preparation and Pre-test Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bending and torsional stiffness measurements of equine radii and tibiae

Suéry

Piskoty

Schmidlin

et al. 2014

PHK

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“…Another study estimated that the force of a kick from a horse exceeded 10 kN (Firth, 1985). In a study on equine cadaver bones, the typical impact energy to fracture or fissure the radius or tibia ranged from 11 to 23 kN (Piskoty et al, 2012). However, the direction of a kick in relation to a targeted bone and the tension of that bone also affect the probability of a fracture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Tekscan F-SCAN system for measurement of the kicking force in horses

Fürst

Galuppo

Judy

et al. 2016

SAT

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The incidence of fractures after a kick, coupled with marked soft tissue trauma at the site of injury, suggests that the force of a kick from the hind limb of a horse is enormous. The goal of this study was to measure this force and to investigate whether the Tekscan F-SCAN in-shoe pressure measuring system is suitable for quantification of the impact strength of a kick from a horse. The system was tested in 6 horses that had undergone clinical examination and gait analysis. The sensor-shoe combination was attached to each hind foot and the horse was stimulated to kick against a wall. The F-SCAN system measured the maximum vertical and horizontal force (N), the main contact area (cm2) of the sole with the floor (stance phase limb) or wall (kicking limb) and the duration (sec) that the sole was in contact with the floor or wall. In addition, each kicking event was recorded with a video camera for subjective evaluation. The mean kicking force measured was lower than that recorded in horses trotting on a treadmill, where the forces exerted on one limb were similar to the horse's body weight. The results of this study indicate that the Tekscan F-SCAN system is not ideally suited to measure the force of a kick of a horse in vivo. SummaryThe incidence of fractures after a kick, coupled with marked soft tissue trauma at the site of injury, suggests that the force of a kick from the hind limb of a horse is enormous. The goal of this study was to measure this force and to investigate whether the Tekscan F-SCAN in-shoe pressure measuring system is suitable for quantification of the impact strength of a kick from a horse. The system was tested in 6 horses that had undergone clinical examination and gait analysis. The sensor-shoe combination was attached to each hind foot and the horse was stimulated to kick against a wall. The F-SCAN system measured the maximum vertical and horizontal force (N), the main contact area (cm 2 ) of the sole with the floor (stance phase limb) or wall (kicking limb) and the duration (sec) that the sole was in contact with the floor or wall. In addition, each kicking event was recorded with a video camera for subjective evaluation. The mean kicking force measured was lower than that recorded in horses trotting on a treadmill, where the forces exerted on one limb were similar to the horse's body weight. The results of this study indicate that the Tekscan F-SCAN system is not ideally suited to measure the force of a kick of a horse in vivo.

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“…Furthermore, they sig-nificantly reduce craniocaudal deceleration forces after a step impact, resulting in less jarring of the distal limb (12). The effect of a simulated horse kick on equine long bones has been investigated and evaluated for steel horseshoes (13,14). To the authors' knowledge, the effect of other horseshoe materials as well as the unshod hoof on the severity of kick injuries has not been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of aluminium, steel and polyurethane shoeing systems and of the unshod hoof on the injury risk of a horse kick

Sprick

Fürst

Baschnagel

et al. 2017

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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The observed bone injuries were similar to those seen in analogous experimental studies carried out previously and comparable to clinical fracture cases suggesting that the simulated kick was realistic. The probability of fracture was significantly higher for steel and aluminium than for polyurethane and hoof horn, which suggests that the horseshoe material has a significant influence on the risk of injury for humans or horses kicked by a horse.

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Resistance of equine tibiae and radii to side impact loads

Abstract: The results obtained should help with the development of bone implants and guards, supporting theoretical studies, and in the evaluation of bone injuries.

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Bending and torsional stiffness measurements of equine radii and tibiae

Bending and torsional stiffness measurements of equine radii and tibiae

Evaluation of the Tekscan F-SCAN system for measurement of the kicking force in horses

The influence of aluminium, steel and polyurethane shoeing systems and of the unshod hoof on the injury risk of a horse kick

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