Resistance of Botrytis cinerea to Dichlofluanid in Greenhouse Vegetables

Malathrakis, N. E.

doi:10.1094/pd-73-0138

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…cinerea populations towards tebuconazole. Similar variations in sensitivity to the same and other classes of fungicides were demonstrated earlier [Grindle, 1981;Malathrakis, 1989;Elad, 1992]. Experiments performed at BASF AG indicated that sensitivity to DMIs in populations ofB.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Hence, it is concluded that variation in sensitivity of B. cinerea populations to triazoles can probably not explain the limited field performance of triazoles in grey-mould control. The average ECs0 of tebuconazole for isolates collected in south west Germany during 1992 was significantly higher than average EC50s of populations from Germany (1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991), Israel (1990) and the Netherlands (1970-1989. This may be due to selection for resistance to DMI fungicides by treatments with tebuconazole or other DMIs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Sensitivity of populations ofBotrytis cinerea to triazoles, benomyl and vinclozolin

Stehmann

Waard

1996

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Sensitivity of field isolates (121) of Botrytis cinerea from France (1992), Germany (1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992), Israel (1990) and the Netherlands (1970Netherlands ( -1989 to the triazoles tebuconazole and triadimenol, the benzimidazole benomyl and the dicarboximide vinclozolin were tested in radial growth experiments. Resistance to benomyl (in 21 to 100% of isolates tested) and vinclozolin (in 25 to 71% of isolates tested) was common in most countries. ECs0s (concentrations of fungicides inhibiting radial mycelial growth ofB. cinerea on B5-agar by 50%) for tebuconazole and triadimenol ranged between 0.01-1.64 and 0.4-32.6 #g m1-1, respectively, and were log-normally distributed. The variation factor (ratio between ECs0s of the least and most sensitive isolate tested) amounts 164 and 82 for tebuconazole and triadimenol, respectively. These values are comparable to those for azole fungicides applied in control of other pathogens. Hence, variation in sensitivity to triazoles can probably not explain limited field performance of triazoles towards B. cinerea. Isolates from south west Germany (1992) were significantly less sensitive to tebuconazole than isolates collected earlier in Germany, Israel and the Netherlands. Such less sensitive populations may contribute to the limited field performance of DMI fungicides towards B. cinerea. The sensitivity of isolates from south west Germany to tebuconazole was similar to that of DMI-resistant mutants generated in the laboratory. These mutants displayed stable resistance with Q-values (ratio between ECs0 of resistant mutant and wild type isolate) between 5 and 20. Sensitivity of field isolates and laboratory mutants to tebuconazole and triadimenol was correlated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Sensitivity of populations ofBotrytis cinerea to triazoles, benomyl and vinclozolin

Stehmann

Waard

1996

Eur J Plant Pathol

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“…However, field rates of the fungicide should be still effective to prevent infections by conidia, since their germination is inhibited by concentrations as low as 1 #g ml-1 even for high-resistant isolates. This might explain why in practice the presence of dichlofluanid-resistant isolates has been accounted for control failures only in few cases (Malathrakis, 1989). Spreading of resistant isolates in the field might have different relevance in decreasing the effectiveness of dichlofluanid under different conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several reports claiming dichlofluanid resistance in B. fuckeliana (Gjaerum andMunthe, 1985, 1987;Hunter et al, 1987;Malathrakis, 1989; Elena and Pappas, 1989;Rewal et al, 1991;Washington et al, 1992), but whether it really occurs has been doubted because of the broad variability in sensitivity to the fungicide observed among wild type isolates of the pathogen (Pappas and Elena, 1992). Moreover, Hunter et al (1987) and Washington et al (1992), contrary to findings of Leroux and Clerjeau (1985), found evidence of cross-resistance between dichlofluanid and dicarboximides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and genetic analysis of field isolates ofBotryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) resistant to dichlofluanid

et al. 1996

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Field isolates of Botryotiniafuckeliana were collected from naturally infected plants. Their responses to the multisite fungicide dichlofluanid in mycelium growth test fell into three phenotypic classes, characterized by the following ECs0 (and MIC) values in pg ml-l: sensitivity, 1-3 (6-10); low resistance, 3-10 (> 100); high resistance, 10-30 (> 100). The corresponding values obtained for these classes in a spore germination test were respectively: -~ 0.05 (0.2), 0.05-0.1 (0.5), 0.5-1 (0.9-1.5). Resistant isolates were crossed with two sensitive and two resistant strains of appropriate mating type to determine the genetic basis of resistance. Distribution of resistance phenotypes in ascospore progeny indicated that a gene, named Dicl, was probably responsible for the low or high resistance of 14 mutants selectively collected from experimental plots of greenhouse-grown gerbera sprayed several times with dichlofluanid or tolyfluanid. A second gene, named Dic2, was probably responsible for the low resistance displayed by two isolates (from grapevine and from carnation) maintained in the laboratory collection. As a result of the investigation, the use of dichlofluanid in integrated management programmes against grey mould is discussed.

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“…From about 1965 onwards, the sulphamide compounds dichlofluanid and tolylfluanid were widely used as contact (multi-site) fungicides. Although there are literature reports of the development of partial resistance of B. cinerea to sulphamides (Malathrakis, 1989;Pollastro et al, 1996;Rewal et al, 1991), no reductions of field efficacy were observed in Northern German soft-fruit production where sulphamides continued to be used as an alternative or complement to a range of specific, single-site fungicides such as benzimidazoles (infrequently used from 1971 to 1976) or dicarboximides (commonly used in 1979-2009). In February 2007, the registration of the last available multisite fungicide, tolylfluanid, was abruptly withdrawn due to environmental safety concerns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis: A Growing Problem in German Soft-Fruit Production

Weber¹,

Entrop²

2011

Fungicides - Beneficial and Harmful Aspects

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Resistance of Botrytis cinerea to Dichlofluanid in Greenhouse Vegetables

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Sensitivity of populations ofBotrytis cinerea to triazoles, benomyl and vinclozolin

Sensitivity of populations ofBotrytis cinerea to triazoles, benomyl and vinclozolin

Characterization and genetic analysis of field isolates ofBotryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) resistant to dichlofluanid

Multiple Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis: A Growing Problem in German Soft-Fruit Production

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