Resistance genes traveling the microbial internet: down the drain, up the food chain?

Cassone, Marco; Giordano, Antonio

doi:10.1586/eri.09.50

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…-- Through long-term survival and transfer of resistant genes to the resident flora [87] Studies carried out in The Netherlands have shown that the proportion of resistant bacteria containing antibiotic resistance genes in the soil has significantly increased since 1940 [88]. …”

Section: Additional Filementioning

confidence: 99%

Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action

Carlet¹,

Jarlier

Harbarth

et al. 2012

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

308

221

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Resistance to antibiotics has increased dramatically over the past few years and has now reached a level that places future patients in real danger. Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are commensals and pathogens for humans and animals, have become increasingly resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. Moreover, in certain countries, they are also resistant to carbapenems and therefore susceptible only to tigecycline and colistin. Resistance is primarily attributed to the production of beta-lactamase genes located on mobile genetic elements, which facilitate their transfer between different species. In some rare cases, Gram-negative rods are resistant to virtually all known antibiotics. The causes are numerous, but the role of the overuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals is essential, as well as the transmission of these bacteria in both the hospital and the community, notably via the food chain, contaminated hands, and between animals and humans. In addition, there are very few new antibiotics in the pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacilli. The situation is slightly better for Gram-positive cocci as some potent and novel antibiotics have been made available in recent years. A strong and coordinated international programme is urgently needed. To meet this challenge, 70 internationally recognized experts met for a two-day meeting in June 2011 in Annecy (France) and endorsed a global call to action ("The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action"). Bundles of measures that must be implemented simultaneously and worldwide are presented in this document. In particular, antibiotics, which represent a treasure for humanity, must be protected and considered as a special class of drugs.

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Section: Additional Filementioning

confidence: 99%

Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action

Carlet¹,

Jarlier

Harbarth

et al. 2012

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

308

221

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“…The extensive use of antibiotics in the agricultural sector has turned farms into sources of resistant microbes. 5,9,10,43 Even in soil a considerable increase in resistance genes has been demonstrated. 20 The resistance selected for in the agricultural setting may be a direct threat as zoonotic agents become resistant or it can be indirect as it is eventually transferred from animal commensals to human pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 The resistance selected for in the agricultural setting may be a direct threat as zoonotic agents become resistant or it can be indirect as it is eventually transferred from animal commensals to human pathogens. 5 In response, attempts are being made to reduce usage. For example, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters is prohibited in Europe and many other parts of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De Novo Acquisition of Resistance to Three Antibiotics by Escherichia coli

Horst

Schuurmans

Smid

et al. 2011

Microbial Drug Resistance

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General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. The acquisition of resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin by Escherichia coli MG 1655 was examined by exposing growing cells to constant or stepwise increasing concentrations of these compounds. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli for amoxicillin increased from 4-8 to 32 mg/ml after growth in the presence of 1.25 or 2.5 mg/ml. By stepwise increasing the exposure, an MIC of 512 mg/ml was reached. This high MIC was maintained after removal of the antibiotics, whereas the lesser increase after exposure to low levels was reversed, indicating that the high MIC was due to a genetic change, but the lower one to phenotypic adaptation only. The MIC for tetracycline increased from 2 mg/ml to maximally 32 mg/ml. The MIC decreased to control levels in the absence of tetracycline, so no genetic changes seem to have occurred. The MIC for enrofloxacin increased from 0.25 mg/ml to maximally 512 mg/ml depending on the concentration during growth. These data mostly support the ''radical-based'' theory that bactericidal antibiotics induce a common mechanism that contributes to cell killing. Our findings indicate that exposure to low levels of antibiotics causes an increase in MIC above the concentration that the cells were exposed to. The implication is that exposure to low levels of antibiotics should be prevented as much as possible, because this causes resistance far more than high concentrations that inhibit growth or kill the cell and thus prevent acquisition of resistance.

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“…It is also known to be contagious, spreading in a farm from cow to cow during the milking process by contaminated machines, equipments, or milkers' hands. The presence of such pathogens in foodproducing animals or in raw milk raises the question of the potential transmissibility of specific resistant clones or antimicrobial resistance determinants, as well as the possible routes of transmission from the animal to humans or vice versa (5,7,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Link between Genotype and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bovine Mastitis-Related Staphylococcus aureus Strains, Determined by Comparing Swiss and French Isolates from the Rhône Valley

Sakwińska

Morisset

Madec³

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Staphylococcus aureus is a major bovine mastitis pathogen. Although the reported antimicrobial resistance was generally low, the emergence of new genetic clusters in bovine mastitis requires examination of the link between antimicrobial resistance and genotypes. Here, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles and standard antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined in order to characterize a total of 343 S. aureus cow mastitis isolates from two geographically close regions of Switzerland and France. AFLP profiles revealed similar population compositions in the two regions, with 4 major clusters (C8, C20, C97, and C151), but the proportions of isolates in each cluster significantly diverged between the two countries (P ‫؍‬ 9.2 ؋ 10 ؊9 ). Antimicrobial resistance was overall low (<5% resistance to all therapeutically relevant molecules), with the exception of penicillin resistance, which was detected in 26% of the isolates. Penicillin resistance proportions differed between clusters, with only 1 to 2% of resistance associated with C20 and C151 and up to 70% associated with bovine C97. The prevalence of C20 and C8 was unexpectedly high and requires further investigation into the mechanism of adaptation to the bovine host. The strong association of penicillin resistance with few clusters highlights the fact that the knowledge of local epidemiology is essential for rational choices of antimicrobial treatment in the absence of susceptibility testing. Taken together, these observations argue in favor of more routine scrutiny of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic-resistant clones in cattle and the farm environment.

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Resistance genes traveling the microbial internet: down the drain, up the food chain?

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action

Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières Antibiotic Resistance Call to Action

De Novo Acquisition of Resistance to Three Antibiotics by Escherichia coli

Link between Genotype and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bovine Mastitis-Related Staphylococcus aureus Strains, Determined by Comparing Swiss and French Isolates from the Rhône Valley

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