Resistance Exercise Inter-Set Cooling Strategy: Effect on Performance and Muscle Damage

Galoza, Pedro; Sampaio-Jorge, Felipe; Machado, Marco; Fonseca, Ricardo; Silva, Pierre A. V.

doi:10.1123/ijspp.6.4.580

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Decreased tissue temperature has been shown to reduce nerve conduction velocity, muscle force production and muscular power [60] [61] [62]. These observations are in line with the findings of Galoza et al (2011), demonstrating that external pre-cooling failed to significantly affect weight lifting activity in the biceps brachii muscle compared to a non-cooling strategy [40]. However, it has to be taken into account that only one study was included in the subgroup analysis of the present meta-analysis for as-…”

Section: External-cooling Vs Non-cooling Strategiessupporting

confidence: 78%

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The Effect of Pre-Exercise Cooling on Performance Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hohenauer¹,

Stoop²,

Clarys³

et al. 2018

IJCM

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Exercising in high environmental temperatures may cause precocious hyperthermia induced fatigue resulting in a decreased athletes' performance output. This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the possible effects of pre-exercise cooling on performance output. This study was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO-model was used to establish the research question. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was applied to assess the validity of the included studies. Study eligibility was given when the studies compared the effects between any kind of pre-cooling and non-cooling strategies prior to exercise on performance output. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis. Risk of bias was high or unclear but the performance bias was low. The estimated standardized mean difference revealed that external pre-cooling (21 studies) enhanced performance (Hedges' g = 0.49 [95% CI: 0.33 to 0.64]), with the main effect observed in endurance cycling or running. Internal (7 studies) and mixed-method (5 studies) pre-cooling failed to significantly affect performance parameters. However, the main output parameter, evaluated in these studies, was peak power output. Subgroup analysis for different outcome measures was not possible because meaningful grouping was not plausible. Limitations of this meta-analysis were the high or unclear risk of bias and the comparability of the included studies. Future studies should also determine the effects of different pre-cooling applications on female and untrained participants. Based on the results of this meta-analysis, it can be concluded that there is some evidence in favour of external pre-cooling to avoid precocious hyperthermia How to cite this paper: Hohenauer, E.,

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Section: External-cooling Vs Non-cooling Strategiessupporting

confidence: 78%

“…For the remaining three studies (10%), reporting bias remained unclear [39] [40] [41]. Additionally, it can be observed that the risk for selection bias (93% for sequence generation and 97% for allocation concealment) detection bias (100% for blinding of outcome assessment) and other bias (100%) remained unclear.…”

Section: Risk Of Bias Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Pre-Exercise Cooling on Performance Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hohenauer¹,

Stoop²,

Clarys³

et al. 2018

IJCM

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“…Previous investigations have incorporated various intermittent cooling strategies during the rest periods of high-intensity resistance exercise to augment acute performance. These strategies have involved application of cooling directly on the agonist muscle undergoing exercise (8,10,30), distal to the agonist muscle undergoing exercise but on the same limb (1,3,8,11,17,18) (i.e., palm cooling for upper-body musculature), or distal to the agonist muscle undergoing exercise on a different limb (i.e., palm cooling during lower-body exercise) (4). Taken together, these studies have reported either a positive effect of cooling on acute resistance exercise performance compared with a control condition (3,4,10,17,18,30) or no effect on performance compared with a control condition (1,8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These strategies have involved application of cooling directly on the agonist muscle undergoing exercise (8,10,30), distal to the agonist muscle undergoing exercise but on the same limb (1,3,8,11,17,18) (i.e., palm cooling for upper-body musculature), or distal to the agonist muscle undergoing exercise on a different limb (i.e., palm cooling during lower-body exercise) (4). Taken together, these studies have reported either a positive effect of cooling on acute resistance exercise performance compared with a control condition (3,4,10,17,18,30) or no effect on performance compared with a control condition (1,8). Aside from the chosen method of cooling application, these studies also investigated different agonists (such as pectorals, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris), used different loading intensities (70-90% 1RM), different interset recovery periods (1-3 minutes), and different populations with varying degrees of resistance training experience (6 months to .5 years).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Effect of Interset Palm Cooling on Acute Bench Press Performance, Electromyography Amplitude, or Spectral Frequencies in Resistance-Trained Men

McMahon

Kennedy

Burden

2022

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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McMahon, G, Kennedy, R, and Burden, A. No effect of interset palm cooling on acute bench press performance, electromyography amplitude or spectral frequencies in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 555-563, 2023-Previous research has suggested that cooling distal to the working agonist muscles during the interset rest periods of high-intensity resistance exercise may facilitate improved performance through increased agonist activation. However, these studies have used inappropriate electromyography (EMG) normalization techniques. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare 2 palm-cooling conditions with a thermoneutral condition during high-intensity resistance exercise and subsequent effects on exercise performance, EMG amplitude, and spectral frequencies using appropriate normalization methodologies. Eleven healthy, resistance-trained, young men (20-36 years old) performed 4 sets of bench press exercise to exhaustion at 80% 1RM each separated by 3 minutes of passive recovery. Palm-cooling (10˚C [TEN] or 15˚C [FTN]) or thermoneutral (28˚C [CON]) conditions were applied for 60 seconds during the recovery interval of each set in a randomized, double-blind fashion, with 4 days of recovery between experimental conditions. Palm temperature was significantly lower (p , 0.05) in the TEN and FTN conditions compared with CON. Number of repetitions and mean power in the bench press declined significantly after each set in all conditions (p , 0.05). There were no significant differences (p . 0.05) in any bench press performance or EMG-related variables between any of the conditions. Palm cooling at either 10 or 15˚C had no effects on bench press performance compared with a thermoneutral condition, with no observable effects on neuromuscular responses during exercise. Therefore, cooling is not currently recommended as an ergogenic strategy to enhance acute bench press performance during high-intensity resistance training.

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“…Therefore, understanding the acute physiological responses to isometric forearm muscle contractions in the cold is clinically relevant. Studies of adults exercising in cold environments are few and generally limited to those using varied methodology exploring either the control of cutaneous blood flow during exercise (46) or the performancerelated effects of cold acclimation (17,57,61). At thermoneutral temperatures, older adults exhibit either similar (21,40,49) or blunted (26,33,48) increases in MSNA and BP during static HG compared with the increases demonstrated in young adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during cold stress and isometric exercise in healthy older adults

Greaney

Stanhewicz

Kenney

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Greaney JL, Stanhewicz AE, Kenney WL, Alexander LM. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during cold stress and isometric exercise in healthy older adults. J Appl Physiol 117: 648 -657, 2014. First published August 7, 2014 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00516.2014.-Cardiovascular mortality increases in cold weather in older adults, and physical activity may impart even greater cardiovascular risk than cold exposure alone. Human aging is associated with exaggerated pressor responses to whole body cooling; however, the sympathetic response to cold stress alone and in combination with isometric exercise is unknown. We hypothesized that cold stress would 1) increase muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and 2) augment the MSNA response to isometric handgrip in older adults. Whole body cooling (water-perfused suit) was conducted in 11 young (23 Ϯ 1 yr) and 12 healthy older adults (60 Ϯ 2 yr). Blood pressure (BP; Finometer) and MSNA (microneurography) were measured throughout cooling and during isometric handgrip at 30% maximal voluntary contraction performed at a mean skin temperature (T sk) of 34 and 30.5°C. MSNA was greater in older adults at T sk ϭ 34.0°C and throughout cooling (P Ͻ 0.05). MSNA increased during cooling in older, but not young, adults (young: ⌬0 Ϯ 1 vs. older: ⌬8 Ϯ 1 bursts/min; P Ͻ 0.05). The cooling-induced increase in BP was greater in older adults (P Ͻ 0.05). During handgrip, the increases in MSNA and BP were not different between conditions in either young (⌬14 Ϯ 2 T sk 34°C vs. ⌬12 Ϯ 3 Tsk 30.5°C bursts/min; ⌬20 Ϯ 3 Tsk 34°C vs. ⌬19 Ϯ 3 Tsk 30.5°C mmHg; both P Ͼ 0.05) or older adults (⌬12 Ϯ 1 Tsk 34°C vs. ⌬8 Ϯ 1 Tsk 30.5°C bursts/min; ⌬18 Ϯ 3 Tsk 34°C vs. ⌬17 Ϯ 2 Tsk 30.5°C mmHg; both P Ͼ 0.05). In summary, MSNA increased during cold stress in older, but not young, adults. Furthermore, concomitant cold stress did not alter the sympathetic responses to isometric exercise in either age group, suggesting preserved sympathetic responsiveness during exercise in the cold in healthy aging. blood pressure; aging; handgrip; whole body cooling AGING IS A PRIMARY RISK FACTOR for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States (18). Furthermore, cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality increase at low ambient temperatures, especially in older adults (5,38,44,50,63). The acute systemic physiological responses to cold exposure include peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction, elevated plasma norepinephrine, and increased blood pressure (BP) (9,52,62). Therefore, alterations in the acute responses to cold may contribute to the clinical relation between cold temperatures and increased cardiovascular-related mortality in primary aging. Perturbations that further challenge systemic physiological function during cold exposure, such as static or dynamic exercise, may result in increased sympathetic activation and excessive increases in BP, imparting even greater risk for an acute cardiovascular event in older adults. As such, understanding age-related changes in the acute sympathetic and...

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Resistance Exercise Inter-Set Cooling Strategy: Effect on Performance and Muscle Damage

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

The Effect of Pre-Exercise Cooling on Performance Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Effect of Pre-Exercise Cooling on Performance Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

No Effect of Interset Palm Cooling on Acute Bench Press Performance, Electromyography Amplitude, or Spectral Frequencies in Resistance-Trained Men

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during cold stress and isometric exercise in healthy older adults

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