Resistance exercise effects on blood glutathione status and plasma protein carbonyls: influence of partial vascular occlusion

Goldfarb, Allan H.; Garten, Ryan S.; Chee, P.; Cho, C.; Reeves, Gregory V.; Hollander, Daniel; Thomas, C. B.; Aboudehen, Karam; Francois, Michelle; Kraemer, Robert R.

doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0836-1

Cited by 75 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…However, while the activity of ROS within muscle is known to increase in ischemic conditions, particularly upon reperfusion [84], previous research by Takarada et al [8] reported no change in lipid peroxide levels following lowintensity resistance exercise either with or without BFR. Similar findings were reported by Goldfarb et al [85], who observed no significant increase in markers of oxidative stress (glutathione status and plasma protein carbonyls) following lowintensity (30% 1RM) resistance exercise with BFR, despite increases following both moderate-intensity (70% 1RM) resistance exercise without BFR, and BFR alone. As such, further research is required to investigate whether markers of redox signalling and exercise-induced ROS production are augmented by the addition of BFR, and if ROS play a role in subsequent cellular signalling processes for post-exercise muscle adaptations [64].…”

Section: Intramuscular Signallingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

et al. 2014

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It is generally believed that optimal hypertrophic and strength gains are induced through moderate-or high-intensity resistance training, equivalent at least 60% of an individual's 1-repetition maximum (1RM). However, recent evidence suggests that similar adaptations are facilitated when low-intensity resistance exercise (~20-50% 1RM) is combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) to the working muscles. Although the mechanisms underpinning these responses are not yet firmly established, it appears that localized hypoxia created by BFR may provide an anabolic stimulus by enhancing the metabolic and endocrine response, and increase cellular swelling and signalling function following resistance exercise. Moreover, BFR has also been demonstrated to increase type II muscle fibre recruitment during exercise.However, inappropriate implementation of BFR can result in detrimental effects, including petechial haemorrhage and dizziness. Further, as BFR is limited to the limbs, the muscles of the trunk are unable to be trained under localized hypoxia. More recently, the use of systemic hypoxia via hypoxic chambers and devices has been investigated as a novel way to stimulate similar physiological responses to resistance training as BFR techniques. While little evidence is available, reports indicate that beneficial adaptations, similar to those induced by BFR, are possible using these methods. The use of systemic hypoxia allows large groups to train concurrently within a hypoxic chamber using multi-joint exercises. However, further scientific research is required to fully understand the mechanisms that cause augmented muscular changes during resistance exercise with a localized or systemic hypoxic stimulus.3

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Section: Intramuscular Signallingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

et al. 2014

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“…This finding is critical considering the importance of a compressed training duration and, to an extent, training frequency, which was discussed above and appears central to KAATSU low-intensity training. The ability to compress the training duration is certainly related to the use of low-intensity exercise, which does not appear to cause significant muscle damage or delayed recovery, as indicated by a lack of change in the blood markers of muscle damage or immune stress (Fujita et al, 2008;Goldfarb et al 2008;Takarada et al, 2000), while still promoting muscle adaptations. Further, the average reported score for intensity and discomfort (including pain) for all participants was 11-14 on a scale of 6-20, using the Borg RPE Scale (Borg, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted leg muscle blood flow: implications for training duration and frequency

Abe

Kearns

Fujita

et al. 2009

Int. J. KAATSU Ttaining Res.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate once-daily walk training with restricted leg blood flow (KAATSU) on thigh muscle size and strength. Twelve young men performed walk training: KAATSUwalk training (n=6) and control (no KAATSU-walk; n=6). Training was conducted once daily, 6 days per week, for 3 weeks. Treadmill walking (50 m/min) was performed for 5 sets of 2-min bouts interspersed with 1-min rest periods. The KAATSU-walk group wore pressure cuff belts (5 cm wide) on both legs during training, with incremental increases in external compression starting at 160 mmHg and ending at 230 mmHg. Thigh muscle volume and isometric and 1-repetition maximal (1-RM) strength were measured before and after training. In the KAATSU-walk group, quadriceps and hamstrings muscle volume increased 1.7 and 2.4% (both P<0.05), respectively, following training. One-RM leg press and leg curl increased 7.3 and 8.6% (both P<0.05), respectively, following KAATSU-walk training. Also, isometric knee extension strength (4.4%; P<0.01), but not knee flexion strength (1.7%), increased following KAATSU-walk training. There were no changes in muscle volume or strength in the control-walk group. These results confirm previous work showing that the combination of slow walk training and leg muscle blood flow restriction induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. However, the magnitude of change in muscle mass and strength following oncedaily KAATSU-walk training was approximately one-half that reported for twice-daily KAATSU-walk training over a 3-week period. These results in combination with previous observations lead to the conclusion that the impact of KAATSU-walk training on muscle size and strength is related to an ability to accomplish a high number of training bouts within a compressed training duration. Second, frequency-dependent muscle enlargement appears to be associated with KAATSU-walk training.

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“…BFR training research typically employs training volumes ranging from 45 [13] to 75 [55] repetitions each exercise per session. Several investigations have utilized BFR combined with lowload resistance exercise to volitional fatigue [4,65,66]. However, exercise to failure is not submaximal by definition, and therefore may not be appropriate for many clinical populations who would otherwise benefit from BFR training [67].…”

Section: Training Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

260

293

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Key Points• The blood flow restriction (BFR) stimulus should be individualized for each participant. In particular, consideration should be given to the restrictive pressure applied and cuff width used.• BFR elicits the largest increases in muscular development when combined with low-load resistance exercise, though some benefits may be seen using BFR alone during immobilization or combined with low-workload cardiovascular exercise.• For healthy individuals, training adaptations are likely maximized by combining low-load BFR resistance exercise with traditional high-load resistance exercise. 2 AbstractA growing body of evidence supports the use of moderate blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-load resistance exercise to enhance hypertrophic and strength responses in skeletal muscle. Research also suggests that BFR during lowworkload aerobic exercise can result in small but significant morphological and strength gains, and BFR alone may attenuate atrophy during periods of unloading.While BFR appears to be beneficial for both clinical and athletic cohorts, there is currently no common consensus amongst scientists and practitioners regarding the best practice for implementing BFR methods. If BFR is not employed appropriately, there is a risk of injury to the participant. It is also important to understand how variations in the cuff application can affect the physiological responses and subsequent adaptation to BFR training. The optimal way to manipulate acute exercise variables, such as exercise type, load, volume, inter-set rest periods and training frequency, must also be considered prior to designing a BFR training program. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based approach to implementing BFR exercise. These guidelines could be useful for practitioners using BFR training in either clinical or athletic settings, or for researchers in the design of future studies investigating BFR exercise.3

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Resistance exercise effects on blood glutathione status and plasma protein carbonyls: influence of partial vascular occlusion

Cited by 75 publications

References 25 publications

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

Skeletal muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted leg muscle blood flow: implications for training duration and frequency

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

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