Resistance by Enterobacter spp. towards several antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals: A review

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance developed in several pathogens poses an increasing threat to human health across the world. No country can escape from the medical and economic impacts from this serious problem. Although the antibiotic resistance is not a new phenomenon, the current magnitude and speed with which it is developing is a cause for the global concern including in India. There are so many common diseases resulting from the microorganisms such as blood stream infections, urinary tract infections, post-operative wound infections and intra-abdominal infections. In this review the antimicrobial susceptibility or resistance of Enterobacter towards antimicrobial agents and heavy metals, viz. ceftazidime, moxifloxacin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethaxazole, and nickel and lead is discussed briefly along with other antimicrobials and heavy metals. The mechanisms behind the resistance by Enterobacter was analyzed and evaluated by many workers after using currently employed susceptibility testing methods for Enterobacter spp. There are some factors influencing mode of action of fluoroquinolones, quinolones and sulfamethaxazole. History, classification, identification, clinical features and treatment of infections and the epidemiology of antimicrobials (drugs and heavy metals) resistance by the Enterobacter spp. is included in this review. Now a day, antimicrobial resistance is common in hospitals where acquired infections can be perilous. This situation compels scientists to synthesize new antibiotics and treatment modalities. Enterobacter causes nosocomial infections. It is ubiquitous and can survive on skin and dry surfaces and replicate in contaminated fluids. Numerous outbreaks have been described. Various mechanisms have been adapted by microorganisms to resist toxicity of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial drugs may be rendered inactive or ineffective by the major ways such as barrier to antibiotic entry into the bacterial cell, prevention of the antibiotic from reaching the target, often by extrusion, alteration of the target of the drug and inactivation of the antibiotic by modification or destruction. In addition, bacteria may be able to bypass the metabolic pathway affected by a particular drug or may be able to overproduce an enzyme that is inhibited by the drug action, more than one mechanism may operate at any given time

Common bacterial causes of external ocular infections, associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance among patients at ophthalmology unit of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

“…(80%) isolates. This could be associated with biofilm formation, transfer of resistance plasmid genes, efflux and production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases which allows for resistance to multiple antimicrobials [ 36 ].…”

Structures and Properties of a Series of High-Spin [CoII2] Complexes Supported by Ancillary Benzoate, Ortho-Hydroxybenzoate, and Para-Hydroxybenzoate Ligands

“…48,49 There are also evidences that the adaptation capability of bacteria becomes enhanced in the presence of free Co(II) salt. 50 Consequently, the development of functionalized organo-chelated Co(II) complexes embodies a potential therapeutic approach for combating the growth of wide-ranging bacterial infections. This demand is further driven by an emerging medical problem of bacterial drug resistance to presently available commercial antibiotics.…”

Ascorbic acid inhibitory activity on resistant strains of Enterobacter spp.: in vitro study

“…Nowadays, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of great concern, as it is common in hospitals where acquired infections can be placed. 1 The increased AMR which had seen in recent years caused by bacteria suggest that the choice of antibiotic should be guided by sensitivity assays, and as a result monitoring of antibiotic resistance pattern has to be a rational way to reduce the antibiotic treatment failure risk. [2][3][4] Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria [MDR-GN] involving MDR Enterobacteriaceae has taken place to be predominantly in charge of most drug-resistant contagions that arise in healthcare facilities.…”

“…We may very well be forced with unimaginable setbacks medically, socially, and economically within just a few years. 1 Treatment of infections caused by Enterobacter spp. is difficult and broad resistant to antibiotics is an increasing problem.…”