Resistance and flow field of a submarine in a density stratified fluid

Liu, Shuang; He, Guanghua; Wang, Zhengke; Luan, Zhengxiao; Zhang, Zhigang; Wang, Wei; Gao, Yun

doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107934

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In recent years, researchers in the field of ocean engineering have made initial explorations into simulating the wake fields of underwater vehicles in linearly stratified fluids with density and temperature variations. Esmaeilpour [92], Liu et al [93], and Li et al [94] have simulated near wakes of underwater vehicles and surface ships, including bubbly mixed flow, highlighting the substantial impact of linear stratification on hydrodynamic vessel performance. Ma et al [95,96] have employed a hybrid grid and DES model to study underwater vehicles in linearly stratified fluids, examining the influence of parameters like speed, depth, density gradient, and motion attitude on turbulent wakes at the free surface.…”

Section: Computational Fluid Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Hydro- and Thermo-Dynamic Wakes of Underwater Vehicles in Linearly Stratified Fluid

Cao,

Pan,

Gao

et al. 2024

JMSE

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Wakes produced by underwater vehicles, particularly submarines, in density-stratified fluids play a pivotal role across military, academic, and engineering domains. In comparison to homogeneous fluid environments, wakes in stratified flows exhibit distinctive phenomena, including upstream blocking, pancake eddies, internal waves, and variations in hydrodynamic performance. These phenomena are crucial for optimizing the operation of underwater vehicles. This review critically assesses the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic aspects of these wakes through an integration of theoretical, experimental, and numerical approaches. The hydrodynamic wake evolution, comprising near-wake, non-equilibrium, and quasi-two-dimensional regimes, is scrutinized. The underlying physics, encompassing energy transformation, vertical motion suppression, and momentum dissipation, are analyzed in detail. Special emphasis is placed on numerical methods, encompassing diverse approaches and turbulence models and highlighting their differences in fidelity and computational cost. Numerical simulations not only provide insights into the intricate interplay among various factors but also emerge as a crucial focal point for future research directions. In the realm of thermodynamic wakes, we delve into the thermal wake induced by the discharge of high-temperature cooling water and the cold wake resulting from the stirring of seawater. The generation, evolution, and ascent to the free surface of these wakes are explored. Additionally, this review identifies and analyzes current research shortcomings in each aspect. By systematically addressing existing knowledge gaps, our study contributes novel insights that propel academic progress and bear significant implications for submarine engineering. This work not only enhances our understanding of the intricate dynamics involved but also provides a foundation for future research endeavors in this critical field.

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Section: Computational Fluid Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Hydro- and Thermo-Dynamic Wakes of Underwater Vehicles in Linearly Stratified Fluid

Cao,

Pan,

Gao

et al. 2024

JMSE

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“…According to the simulation results, when an object travels below the thermocline, there are two additional crests at the thermocline interface compared to when it is located above it. 87 Internal waves created by a submerged vehicle affect the wake of a body within the water as well as surface waves. Numerical simulations revealed that wakes on the ocean surface generated by submerged vehicles are wider, last longer and propagate further when the medium is stratified compared to a homogeneous medium.…”

Section: Internal Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The non-acoustic signatures of underwater vehicles

Slimming,

Beniwal,

Devrelis

et al. 2023

Ocean Sensing and Monitoring XV

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Submersible vehicles, such as Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), can be lost underwater and it is desirable to locate them before they go missing or collide with other vehicles. These objects generate inherent signatures when they move in the ocean. With a better understanding of these signatures, more information regarding the motion of underwater vehicles can be inferred using LiDAR technology. In this paper, the authors review existing literature on various non-acoustic signatures of a submerged body, namely, the electromagnetic, biological and thermal signatures, turbulent wake patterns, internal waves and vortex structures. The authors discuss how these signatures evolve both spatially and temporally. Furthermore, the review investigates how environmental and operational parameters such as the stratification of the medium, vehicle speed, shape and depth affect the non-acoustic signatures. Underwater vehicles operating at low speeds and large depths have bioluminescent, Kelvin wake and Bernoulli hump signatures that are difficult to detect on the surface. Thermal signatures, vortex wakes and far wakes are only likely to be detected at the vehicle’s depth. This is primarily due to the ocean stratification which suppresses the vertical motion of underwater turbulent signatures. Thermal signatures appear to be most likely to be detected. The study concludes that relying on a single signature to detect submersibles is not advisable and future methods for underwater vehicle detection should use multiple sensors to detect complementary signatures.

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“…To simulate the turbulent flow, the realizable k − model was employed thanks to the stability and precision it demonstrates when dealing with pressure gradients [26]. The transport Equations were expressed as follows [25]:…”

Section: Governing Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Collection Performance of Hydraulic Polymetallic Nodule Collector Based on Solid–Liquid Two-Phase Flow Numerical Simulation

Wang,

Li,

Wei

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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The hydraulic collector is an important device for collecting seafloor polymetallic nodules. In this study, a hydraulic polymetallic nodule collector with two acquisition nozzles and one transmission nozzle is described. The numerical model of the hydraulic collector is established based on the solid–liquid two-phase flow method, and it is verified by experimental tests. On this basis, the collection mechanism of the hydraulic collector is analyzed, and the effects of structural parameters and working parameters on its collection performance are explored. The results show that the collection height and slant angle of the acquisition nozzle are key factors for collection efficiency, with optimal heights below 150 mm and angles between 45 and 49∘. The recommended range for the center distance between the two acquisition confluence tubes is 650–730 mm. Excessive acquisition and transmission flow rates make a negligible contribution to improving the collection efficiency, but can also cause a significant increase in energy consumption. Therefore, the recommended ranges for acquisition and transmission flow rates are 140–160 m3/h and less than 80 m3/h, respectively. All of the results indicated that the parameters of the developed hydraulic collector were set reasonably, which thus ensured a balance between the collection efficiency and energy consumption.

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Resistance and flow field of a submarine in a density stratified fluid

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Review on the Hydro- and Thermo-Dynamic Wakes of Underwater Vehicles in Linearly Stratified Fluid

Review on the Hydro- and Thermo-Dynamic Wakes of Underwater Vehicles in Linearly Stratified Fluid

The non-acoustic signatures of underwater vehicles

Study on Collection Performance of Hydraulic Polymetallic Nodule Collector Based on Solid–Liquid Two-Phase Flow Numerical Simulation

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