Resilient peer-to-peer streaming

Abstract

We consider the problem of distributing "live" streaming media content to a potentially large and highly dynamic population of hosts. Peer-to-peer

Stability and performance of overlay multicast systems employing forward error correction

“…The construction and the maintenance of the trees can be done either by a distributed protocol (structured, like in [2] or unstructured, like in [4]) or by a central entity, like in [3]. The results presented in this paper do not depend on the particular algorithm used, our focus is on the performance of the overlay as a function of the overlay's structure, rather than on the efficiency of the tree maintenance algorithm.…”

“…In the simplest case nodes that forward data in a tree have high priority, and hence can preempt nodes that do not forward data in that tree. Such a strategy was proposed in [3] in order to push contributing nodes close to the source and non-contributing nodes to the last levels of the trees. Prioritization can also be based on more complex criteria, such as the packet reception probability of a node, the level spread of a node, the input capacity of a node or the maximum outdegree of a node (e.g., [5]).…”

“…In our model the nodes balance their forwarding capacity between the s trees, i.e., a node can have up to ⌈d r /s⌉ children in each of the s trees. One gets the minimum breadth trees described in [3] for s = τ, and the minimum depth trees evaluated in [2,3,11] for s = 1. The case 1 < s < τ was proposed in [16] to improve the overlay's stability under churn.…”

“…A large number of overlay multicast architectures has been proposed by the research community ( [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] and references therein), and a number of large scale commercial deployments of peer-to-peer streaming systems were also recorded [8,9]. There is however not much analytical understanding of the data distribution performance of these systems, such as the packet reception probability of the participating nodes.…”

“…We consider overlay multicast systems based on multiple distribution trees and the push model, such as the ones in [2][3][4][5][6][10][11][12]. Multiple trees offer two advantages: they ensure graceful quality degradation in dynamic overlays, in which peers can leave during the streaming session and they enable nodes to contribute to the overlay with fractions of the stream bandwidth.…”