“…For example, Holling (1996) proposed measuring return speed to equilibrium for "engineering resilience", and absorption capacity before shifting performance levels for "ecological resilience". A wide variety of other resilience metrics have been proposed in the literature, such as flow magnitudes (Ulanowicz et al, 2009) or differences between pre-and post-disturbance spatial patterns (Cika et al, 2020). The diversity of approaches has challenged our ability to effectively measure resilience (Klein et al, 2003).…”