place is essential to providing services in myriad settings that facilitate individual workers' career development, including for those whose mental wellness has been affected by job loss and interruption. Similarly, an analysis of underemployment as a prologue to unemployment deserves equal attention from helping professionals. During 2019, the last full year not affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported unemployment at 3.8%, the lowest it had been in 50 years. Pandemic-driven terminations and furloughs drove that figure to 13.0% in a matter of months (Kochhar, 2020).This chapter begins with definitions of unemployment and underemployment and an analysis of the causes of each. I then present an overview of the American workplace and how the work performed there has evolved over the past century, including how those trends have led to significant adjustments to workplace metrics. Next, I present an overview of the career development process with specific attention directed to the young adult, adult, and late adult years, when individuals are actively engaged in their occupational pursuits and likely to encounter unemployment and underemployment.This emphasis on the career development process will allow the reader to focus on the life experiences that produce outcomes for the career navigator in their quest for satisfaction and success, while understanding that both unemployment and underemployment will produce undesirable consequences. Following an examination of the employment factors that will predictably play