Abstract:. 2015. Resilience strategies in the face of short-and long-term change: out-migration and fisheries regulation in Alaskan fishing communities. Ecology and Society 20(2): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-
ResearchResilience strategies in the face of short-and long-term change: outmigration and fisheries regulation in Alaskan fishing communities Amber Himes-Cornell 1 and Kristin Hoelting 2 ABSTRACT. Historically, communities persisted in remote, isolated areas of Alaska in large part because of the abundance o… Show more
“…Although actual out-migration rates prove to be lower, with many non-permanent moves, going away (or not) remains a major life choice that measurably affects source community demographics—for example, by skewing sex ratios as women disproportionately leave the villages (Hamilton and Seyfrit 1994b; Howe 2009; Huskey et al 2004; Martin 2009; for a European counterpart, see Leibert 2015). Individual and family migration decisions have similarly large effects in many other parts of the North (Hamilton et al 2004; Hamilton and Rasmussen 2010; Heleniak and Bogoyavlensky 2015; Himes-Cornell and Hoelting 2015; Huskey and Southcott 2010; Larsen et al 2010, 2015; Rasmussen 2011). …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Net migration is often viewed as a social indicator in the North, sensitive to shifting push and pull factors (Hamilton 2010; Howe et al 2014). Rapid response has been documented in connection with fisheries troubles in subarctic Alaska (Himes-Cornell and Hoelting 2015), Newfoundland (Hamilton and Butler 2001; Hamilton 2007) and the Faroe Islands (Hamilton et al 2004), and in connection with economic and administrative contraction in post-Soviet Russia (Heleniak and Bogoyavlensky 2015; Voinov et al 2004). Fig.…”
Residents of towns and villages in Arctic Alaska live on “the front line of climate change.” Some communities face immediate threats from erosion and flooding associated with thawing permafrost, increasing river flows, and reduced sea ice protection of shorelines. The term climigration, referring to migration caused by climate change, originally was coined for these places. Although initial applications emphasized the need for government relocation policies, it has elsewhere been applied more broadly to encompass unplanned migration as well. Some historical movements have been attributed to climate change, but closer study tends to find multiple causes, making it difficult to quantify the climate contribution. Clearer attribution might come from comparisons of migration rates among places that are similar in most respects, apart from known climatic impacts. We apply this approach using annual 1990–2014 time series on 43 Arctic Alaska towns and villages. Within-community time plots show no indication of enhanced out-migration from the most at-risk communities. More formally, there is no significant difference between net migration rates of at-risk and other places, testing several alternative classifications. Although climigration is not detectable to date, growing risks make either planned or unplanned movements unavoidable in the near future.
“…Although actual out-migration rates prove to be lower, with many non-permanent moves, going away (or not) remains a major life choice that measurably affects source community demographics—for example, by skewing sex ratios as women disproportionately leave the villages (Hamilton and Seyfrit 1994b; Howe 2009; Huskey et al 2004; Martin 2009; for a European counterpart, see Leibert 2015). Individual and family migration decisions have similarly large effects in many other parts of the North (Hamilton et al 2004; Hamilton and Rasmussen 2010; Heleniak and Bogoyavlensky 2015; Himes-Cornell and Hoelting 2015; Huskey and Southcott 2010; Larsen et al 2010, 2015; Rasmussen 2011). …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Net migration is often viewed as a social indicator in the North, sensitive to shifting push and pull factors (Hamilton 2010; Howe et al 2014). Rapid response has been documented in connection with fisheries troubles in subarctic Alaska (Himes-Cornell and Hoelting 2015), Newfoundland (Hamilton and Butler 2001; Hamilton 2007) and the Faroe Islands (Hamilton et al 2004), and in connection with economic and administrative contraction in post-Soviet Russia (Heleniak and Bogoyavlensky 2015; Voinov et al 2004). Fig.…”
Residents of towns and villages in Arctic Alaska live on “the front line of climate change.” Some communities face immediate threats from erosion and flooding associated with thawing permafrost, increasing river flows, and reduced sea ice protection of shorelines. The term climigration, referring to migration caused by climate change, originally was coined for these places. Although initial applications emphasized the need for government relocation policies, it has elsewhere been applied more broadly to encompass unplanned migration as well. Some historical movements have been attributed to climate change, but closer study tends to find multiple causes, making it difficult to quantify the climate contribution. Clearer attribution might come from comparisons of migration rates among places that are similar in most respects, apart from known climatic impacts. We apply this approach using annual 1990–2014 time series on 43 Arctic Alaska towns and villages. Within-community time plots show no indication of enhanced out-migration from the most at-risk communities. More formally, there is no significant difference between net migration rates of at-risk and other places, testing several alternative classifications. Although climigration is not detectable to date, growing risks make either planned or unplanned movements unavoidable in the near future.
“…In some cases, vessel or permit buybacks are done in conjunction with catch shares to ensure a rapid and lasting reduction in capacity (24). While consolidation may increase economic efficiency, fishers and communities can face a concomitant loss of access to the fishery, as quota and landings are consolidated in fewer communities (27). Concerns have been raised that the high cost of acquiring quota impedes new entrants, and fisheries become dominated by large firms with access to capital (28)(29)(30).…”
Many fishers diversify their income by participating in multiple fisheries, which has been shown to significantly reduce year-to-year variation in income. The ability of fishers to diversify has become increasingly constrained in the last few decades, and catch share programs could further reduce diversification as a result of consolidation. This could increase income variation and thus financial risk. However, catch shares can also offer fishers opportunities to enter or increase participation in catch share fisheries by purchasing or leasing quota. Thus, the net effect on diversification is uncertain. We tested whether diversification and variation in fishing revenues changed after implementation of catch shares for 6,782 vessels in 13 US fisheries that account for 20% of US landings revenue. For each of these fisheries, we tested whether diversification levels, trends, and variation in fishing revenues changed after implementation of catch shares, both for fishers that remained in the catch share fishery and for those that exited but remained active in other fisheries. We found that diversification for both groups was nearly always reduced. However, in most cases, we found no significant change in interannual variation of revenues, and, where changes were significant, variation decreased nearly as often as it increased.diversification | risk | catch shares | fisheries
“…The existence and condition of various support service businesses and infrastructure has been recognized as an important indicator of community fishery dependence (Himes-Cornell and Hoelting 2015; Jacob et al 2001Jacob et al , 2010. Likewise, the individuals that maintain community infrastructure and provide fishing support services are dependent on the health and persistence of fisheries for their own well-being (Himes-Cornell and Hoelting 2015). Given the implicit connection between fishing communities and the related support sector, it is imperative that fisheries managers and researchers understand the interconnectedness of fishermen, communities, and the services and infrastructure that support them.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Others may be negatively affected and not receive such allocations or permits depending on how the management system is designed. Community resilience to such changes will also vary based on the overall dependence of each community on the affected fishery(ies) and their engagement in fisheries overall, as well as their social characteristics that may affect their adaptive capacity (Himes-Cornell and Hoelting 2015;Himes-Cornell and Kasperski 2015).…”
The relationship between the fishing industry and the fisheries-related support service sector creates economic benefits for communities through the strong linkages between fishermen and their land-based suppliers and the induced or multiplier effects from fisheries revenue. The support service sector is embedded within fishing communities where the impacts of fisheries management changes are perpetuated. This article examines the potential for such impacts by evaluating the diversity of fishing gear use, ex-vessel revenue, presence of processing plants, public moorage, and haul-out or tidal grids, and the number of vessels in a community, in relation to the availability of support services in communities in Alaska. The results show that the presence of a processor and haul-out facilities in a community significantly affects the number of support service businesses; however, there is not a strong association with the number of vessels or ex-vessel revenue. One hypothesis is that fishermen often travel to other communities to obtain services. We evaluate this hypothesis using social network analysis to evaluate transfers of revenue for fishery-related goods and services. Ultimately, this informs the exploration of the importance of support service businesses and fishery-support infrastructure to the continued well-being of fishing communities.
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