“…Wave 2 also addressed family resilience and specific risks and ecosystems. Family risks may be (a) vertical risks (or ongoing stressors) including risk statuses (e.g., ethnicity, immigrant status, unmarried fathers–mothers relationships) and risks in ongoing family interaction patterns (e.g., poor communication or conflict resolution, family violence, addiction), or (b) horizontal risks that serve as time‐specific perturbations to ongoing family interaction patterns (e.g., military deployment, challenges to physical and mental well‐being, mass trauma, family violence, economic stress, work–family fit, reunification of children and families, childhood cancer, terrorism, and war; Becvar, ; Conger & Conger, ; Fagan & Palkovitz, ; Grzywacz & Bass, ; Lietz & Strength, ; L. D. McCubbin & McCubbin, ; McGoldrick & Shibusawa, ; Raffaelli & Wiley, ; Wadsworth, ). During Wave 2, family scholars acknowledged the interface of family risk and resilience with family ecosystems including social, psychological, economic, biological, and historic contexts (Boss, ; Hawley & DeHaan, ; Patterson, ; Walsh, ).…”