Resilience and microstructural resistance of Archaeological Dark Earths with different soil organic carbon contents in Western Amazonia, Brazil

Long‐term application of different organic and inorganic fertilizers in no‐tillage crops changes the soil microstructural viscoelasticity and shear resistance to transient stresses

“…The increase in cation exchange capacity after long‐term application of organic fertilizer is another indication of an increment of reactive surfaces in this sandy soil, which allows for stronger potential connections between particles and thus a larger linear viscoelastic range. Additionally, increasing the content of cations in soil decreases the repulsive forces because of diffuse double‐layer overlap, favouring an approximation of mineral particles (flocculation) and increasing soil viscoelasticity (LVR, YP and integral z ) (Batistão, Holthusen, Reichert, dos Santos, & Campos, 2020; Essington, 2005; Holthusen, Jänicke, et al., 2012). Moreover, Ca 2+ cations in soil can act as bridges connecting organic matter to functional groups in clays with negative residual charge, enhancing the particle–particle connection (Essington, 2005; Markgraf et al., 2012).…”

“…A valuable tool for evaluating soil stress-strain processes over time is rheometry, which provides detailed insights into physical, chemical and biological mechanisms involved in soil resistance to deformations caused by transient stresses (Batistão, Holthusen, Reichert, dos Santos, & Campos, 2020;Holthusen et al, 2020;Horn et al, 2019). Previous studies by Holthusen, Jänicke, et al (2012) and Markgraf et al (2012) demonstrated long-term cattle manure application can increase soil elasticity and resistance to transient shear stresses by enhancing soil carbon and Ca 2+ content and strengthening particle-particle connections.…”

Best tillage practices for eucalyptus growth and productivity: A review on the Brazilian experience

“…The highest aggregation index was found in soils that were not tilled (Prevedello et al, 2014). Thus, the role of organic constituents in the formation and stabilization of aggregates is fundamental (Wohlenberg et al, 2004;Braida et al, 2007aBraida et al, , 2011Batistão et al, 2020;Holthusen et al, 2020;Alves et al, 2021;Awe et al, 2021), especially in conservation forestry (Prevedello et al, 2014), in which the accumulation of crop residues on soil surface and less soil mobilization contributes to the formation and stabilization of aggregates (Silva et al, 2006).…”

Characterization and classification of soils from an Amazonic Biome in western Pará

“…Even though there are soils with low natural fertility, some discontinuous patches of anthropic soils of high natural fertility are distributed throughout the Amazon territory, having high contents of P, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , stabilized organic matter and high biological activity, (Santos et al, 2018a;Batistão et al, 2020). These soils are mainly associated with the "Argissolos" (Oxisols) and "Latossolos" (Ultisols) classes in the Brazilian Soil Classification System (BSCS) .…”

“…Pedological studies, in addition to a better understanding of the soil genesis in the Amazon region, contribute to the improvement of the Brazilian Soil Classification System -SiBCS (Santos et al, 2018b). Although some studies on the characterization and classification of soils in the Amazon region have been conducted in distinct environments, such as floodplain areas (Guimarães et al, 2013), Archaeological Black Earths (Batistão et al, 2020) and areas of agricultural and forest production (Zenero et al, 2016), the demand for studies of this nature in the Amazonian environment is still high.…”