Resilience and Governance

Linkov, Igor; Trump, Benjamin D.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04565-4_5

Cited by 35 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In contrast, a smaller subset of the reviewed literature focused on action taken by the supply chain actors to ‘plan’ ( n = 7) or to ‘adapt’ ( n = 13) livestock systems to reduce their vulnerability, improve their learning from the pandemic and enhance their resilience to observed and anticipated pandemics and disasters. In this regard, Linkov and Trump [ 62 ] indicate that increasing uncertainty and complexity in global (livestock) systems entail addressing the role of preparedness and recovery from disruption, as neglecting these aspects may lead to a limitation in the understanding of how livestock supply chain can maintain resilience against the COVID-19 and future pandemics. Furthermore, elements of this subset of the surveyed literature emphasize the importance of addressing the broader sustainability challenges, and the need to ensure the functionality of domestic and regional livestock markets and transform sustainably livestock sectors in developing countries to build resilient systems with higher preparedness and capacity to anticipate and adapt to new challenges and burgeoning natural and environmental risks [ 42 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ].…”

Section: Results and Synthesis Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, Livestock Systems and Food Security in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of an Emerging Literature

2021

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In this paper, we carried out a systematic literature review to document the emerging scientific knowledge about COVID-19 impact on livestock systems and food security in developing countries to identify gaps and possible avenues for future research undertakings. Specifically, we systematically reviewed 68 peer-reviewed articles extracted based on rigorous selection criteria from Scopus, PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases and published between December 2019 and February 2021. Our results reveal that livestock supply chains presented an important ‘intermediary’ pathway through which the pandemic affected various dimensions of food security in developing countries. Although the research response has been rapid in terms of both quantity and temporal succession, we find a highly suggestive disjunction in studies analyzing the interconnections between COVID-19 pandemic, livestock systems and food security in developing countries. With respect to the livestock supply chain, the bulk of the reviewed evidence focuses on production and consumption, whereas considerably less focus is given to the pandemic’s impact on intermediaries within livestock chains, including traders, intermediaries and processors. The analysis of livestock supply chain resilience revolves predominantly around the ‘absorbance’ and ‘recovery’ phases of resilience, whereas only a small subset of the literature investigates actions taken by supply chain actors to ‘plan’ or to ‘adapt’ livestock systems in order to reduce their vulnerability and enhance their overall resilience. Furthermore, food security has often been narrowly defined, with the majority of articles focusing on ‘availability’ and ‘accessibility’ to food due to the pandemic, and other dimensions of food security, including utilization, stability and sustainability, have been widely neglected. Based on our findings, we recommend future research to examine the dynamics of propagation of COVID-19 impact through livestock supply chains in order to develop more targeted interventions that enhance the capacity of developing countries to cope with this and future disruptions and mitigate their food insecurity outcomes. To this end, more holistic, integrated and resilience-based approaches are much recommended to recognize the complex nature of livestock systems in developing countries and to address the multifaceted and widespread effects of COVID-19 on food security channeled through livestock chains.

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Section: Results and Synthesis Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, Livestock Systems and Food Security in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of an Emerging Literature

2021

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“…After all, if analysts cannot answer basic risk analysis questions like “what can go wrong”, “how likely is it”, and “what are the consequences”, the efficacy of planning and response activities will be greatly diminished. 4 , 5 An intuitive response to such a question is to analyze the prevalence of underlying health conditions within a population, also referred to as comorbidities, against existing COVID-19 epidemiological trends and health outcomes. By tracking noted comorbidities (eg, heart disease, lung disease, diabetes, cancer, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Comorbidity Data Explain Cross-State and Cross-National Difference in COVID-19 Death Rates?

Cegan¹,

Trump²,

Cibulsky³

et al. 2021

RMHP

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Many efforts to predict the impact of COVID-19 on hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) utilization, and mortality rely on age and comorbidities. These predictions are foundational to learning, policymaking, and planning for the pandemic, and therefore understanding the relationship between age, comorbidities, and health outcomes is critical to assessing and managing public health risks. From a US government database of 1.4 million patient records collected in May 2020, we extracted the relationships between age and number of comorbidities at the individual level to predict the likelihood of hospitalization, admission to intensive care, and death. We then applied the relationships to each US state and a selection of different countries in order to see whether they predicted observed outcome rates. We found that age and comorbidity data within these geographical regions do not explain much of the international or within-country variation in hospitalization, ICU admission, or death. Identifying alternative explanations for the limited predictive power of comorbidities and age at the population level should be considered for future research.

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“…Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse are major environmental issues; understanding emergent properties of ecological networks can provide valuable insights for retarding or stopping irreversible damage. The concept of resilience has become an important aspect in the design of different man-made networks which need to be designed to withstand shocks [ 32 ]. Resilient systems need to be planned to be able to absorb, recover from, and adapt to perturbations at the network level [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-ecological network structures from process graphs

et al. 2020

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We propose a process graph (P-graph) approach to develop ecosystem networks from knowledge of the properties of the component species. Originally developed as a process engineering tool for designing industrial plants, the P-graph framework has key advantages over conventional ecological network analysis techniques based on input-output models. A P-graph is a bipartite graph consisting of two types of nodes, which we propose to represent components of an ecosystem. Compartments within ecosystems (e.g., organism species) are represented by one class of nodes, while the roles or functions that they play relative to other compartments are represented by a second class of nodes. This bipartite graph representation enables a powerful, unambiguous representation of relationships among ecosystem compartments, which can come in tangible (e.g., mass flow in predation) or intangible form (e.g., symbiosis). For example, within a P-graph, the distinct roles of bees as pollinators for some plants and as prey for some animals can be explicitly represented, which would not otherwise be possible using conventional ecological network analysis. After a discussion of the mapping of ecosystems into P-graph, we also discuss how this framework can be used to guide understanding of complex networks that exist in nature. Two component algorithms of P-graph, namely maximal structure generation (MSG) and solution structure generation (SSG), are shown to be particularly useful for ecological network analysis. These algorithms enable candidate ecosystem networks to be deduced based on current scientific knowledge on the individual ecosystem components. This method can be used to determine the (a) effects of loss of specific ecosystem compartments due to extinction, (b) potential efficacy of ecosystem reconstruction efforts, and (c) maximum sustainable exploitation of human ecosystem services by humans. We illustrate the use of P-graph for the analysis of ecosystem compartment loss using a small-scale stylized case study, and further propose a new criticality index that can be easily derived from SSG results.

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Resilience and Governance

Cited by 35 publications

References 57 publications

COVID-19, Livestock Systems and Food Security in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of an Emerging Literature

COVID-19, Livestock Systems and Food Security in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of an Emerging Literature

Can Comorbidity Data Explain Cross-State and Cross-National Difference in COVID-19 Death Rates?

Socio-ecological network structures from process graphs

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