Resilience against Political and Religious Extremism, Radicalization, and Related Violence: A Systematic Review of Studies on Protective Factors

Lösel, Friedrich; Bender, Doris; Jugl, Irina; King, Sonja

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1_3

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Feddes et al [19] concluded that an intervention aimed to empower individuals and strengthening empathy was successful to prevent the adoption of these ideologies. This outcome goes in line with the psychological skills found to be protective against radicalization processes at individual level (as opposed to group or society levels), such as self-control or positive attitudes towards law and police, and a positive peer group influence [20]. These psychological variables are comprised inside a bigger one: the correct development of the • The ability to perceive self and others emotions.…”

Section: A Emotional Intelligence and Resiliencesupporting

confidence: 73%

YoungRes: A Serious Game-Based Intervention to Increase Youngsters Resilience Against Extremist Ideologies

Panizo-LLedot¹,

Torregrosa²,

Menéndez-Ferreira³

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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Extremist ideologies are proliferating nowadays in both political and social levels. Considering that youngsters are in a development stage where they are still conforming their own social identity, they become especially vulnerable to these ideologies' influence. Therefore, it becomes critical to provide them with the psychological skills to rationalize and resist those influences. Video games, which are already a technology commonly consumed by these generations, provide a way to motivate and engage youngsters. Therefore, implementing these video games in interventions to increase psychological resilience represents an opportunity to create an innovative learning approach. Following this motivation, this paper has three main objectives: adapting a traditional emotional intelligence training program to a novel serious game based intervention, called YoungRes; providing a metric to measure the student' evolution based on ingame behavioural patterns, instead of indirect measures; and evaluating the impact of the intervention itself after its implementation. To do so, an 11 sessions intervention was applied to 36 students from two primary schools in Spain. Quantitative and qualitative data was extracted from the experience, consisting on data extracted from the player's behaviour and a final survey. A detailed statistical analysis carried out showed two main outcomes: first, the serious game based intervention was very appreciated by the students, specially by those who frequently play video games; second, the intervention allowed to improve several emotional intelligence competences, such as active listening and controlled breathing, as well as to promote knowledge about the Islamic culture. Finally, the authors discussed about how the game could be improved for future applications in schools.

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Section: A Emotional Intelligence and Resiliencesupporting

confidence: 73%

YoungRes: A Serious Game-Based Intervention to Increase Youngsters Resilience Against Extremist Ideologies

Panizo-LLedot¹,

Torregrosa²,

Menéndez-Ferreira³

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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“…Radicalization processes and engagement in violent extremism are characterized by complex constellations of risk and protective factors ( Lösel et al, 2020 ). This paper sought to analyze various risk-protective factor interactions for support for, and willingness to engage in, violent extremism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Personality Moderate the Effects of Perceived Group Deprivation on Violent Extremism: Evidence From a United Kingdom Nationally Representative Survey

Rottweiler

Gill

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Numerous studies argue that perceived group deprivation is a risk factor for radicalization and violent extremism. Yet, the vast majority of individuals, who experience such circumstances do not become radicalized. By utilizing models with several interacting risk and protective factors, the present analysis specifies this relationship more concretely. In a large United Kingdom nationally representative survey (n = 1,500), we examine the effects of group-based relative deprivation on violent extremist attitudes and violent extremist intentions, and we test whether this relationship is contingent upon several individual differences in personality. The results show that stronger group-based injustices lead to increased support for and intentions to engage in violent extremism. However, some of the effects are much stronger for individuals who exhibit a stronger need for uniqueness and for status and who demonstrate higher levels of trait entitlement. Conversely, several effects are lessened for those individuals high in trait forgiveness, demonstrating a strong capacity for self-control and for those who are exerting critical as well as open-minded thinking styles, thus constituting buffering protective factors, which dampen the adverse effects of perceived group injustice on violent extremism. The results highlight the importance of considering (a) the interaction between individual dispositions and perceptions of contextual factors (b) the conditional and cumulative effects of various risk and protective factors and (c) the functional role of protective factors when risk factors are present. Collectively, these findings bring us one step closer to understanding who might be more vulnerable to violent extremism as well as how. Overall, the study suggests that preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) programs must take account of the constellation of multiple factors that interact with (and sometimes enable or disable) one another and which can be targeted in preventions strategies.

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“…The third category of radicalization focuses on the single-issue paradox, whereby individuals and groups are motivated and driven by one issue or problem and use violent means to promote and achieve their aim. The fourth category of radicalization is associated with politico-religious variants in which individuals and groups are exposed to negative, hostile, and violent interpretations of religious and political texts, views, and narratives by elites to achieve their aim (Pisoiu 2015;Demetriou 2016;Rink and Sharma 2018;Sivenbring 2019;Lösel et al 2020;Van den Bos 2020).…”

Section: Radicalization Types and It's Nexus With Terrorism And Terror-behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Counter-Radicalization in Nigeria: The Case of Boko Haram

2021

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This article examines the role of faith-based organizations (FBOs) in counter-radicalization in Nigeria, with emphasis on the Boko Haram terrorist group operating in northeast Nigeria and the greater Lake Chad region. A qualitative methodological approach is employed that makes use of primary and secondary documents, key informant and stakeholder interviews, and focus group discussions with critical religious actors and organizations. The findings of the article suggest that FBOs play a critical role in the disengagement and deradicalization process of countering the ideological and radical messages of Boko Haram. However, challenges such as the lack of effective stakeholder involvement in the various initiatives by the state in counterterrorism, fear of reprisal and attacks, lack of unison by various FBOs and clerics in countering these negative messages, and the inability of relevant stakeholders in addressing structural factors such as poverty, social and economic exclusion, and unemployment that give rise to radicalization amongst other challenges, have impeded the effectiveness of the FBO sector in its counter-radicalization efforts in Nigeria. To address these challenges, the article proposes a bottom-up approach to counterterrorism that provides room for the multi-sectoral involvement of major stakeholders, especially FBOs, to complement pre-existing initiatives and other measures to counter the negative weaponization of religion by radical and rogue clerics, and also to prevent Boko Haram from expanding its frontiers.

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Resilience against Political and Religious Extremism, Radicalization, and Related Violence: A Systematic Review of Studies on Protective Factors

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

YoungRes: A Serious Game-Based Intervention to Increase Youngsters Resilience Against Extremist Ideologies

YoungRes: A Serious Game-Based Intervention to Increase Youngsters Resilience Against Extremist Ideologies

Individual Differences in Personality Moderate the Effects of Perceived Group Deprivation on Violent Extremism: Evidence From a United Kingdom Nationally Representative Survey

The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Counter-Radicalization in Nigeria: The Case of Boko Haram

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