Residues of zineb and ethylene thiourea in orchard treated pears and commercial pear products

Ripley, B. D.; Simpson, Charles Melvyn

doi:10.1002/ps.2780080509

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Samples for ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide analysis were evaluated using a modified CS 2 evolution technique [43]. Results were expressed as concentrations of zineb (C 4 H 6 ZnN 2 S 4 , a type of EBDC) equivalents.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The functional integrity of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and green frog (Rana clamitans) populations in orchard wetlands. I. Genetics, physiology, and biochemistry of breeding adults and young‐of‐the‐year

Harris

Bishop

Struger

et al. 1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and green frogs (Rana clamitans) were evaluated at eight wetland sites, four of which were within apple orchards, to determine if environmental changes associated with orchard management affected measured biological parameters. Size, age, genetic variation, condition indices, levels of circulating steroid hormones, 7-ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase activity (EROD), and organochlorine and organophosphorus residues in breeding males sampled at pond sites in orchards were compared to the same parameters measured in breeding males from reference sites. Also, the size and physiological condition of young-of-the-year captured in orchard and reference ponds were compared. No evidence of a reduction in genetic variation was found in populations of either species at any sites, but unexpectedly high average heterozygosity values (0.191-0.282) in concert with low overall fixation indices (0.012-0.059) in adults of both species did suggest that pond populations were interacting with neighboring populations in nonorchard habitats. Few significant differences in levels of circulating steroid hormones or condition indices of breeding males were found among sites. Significant EROD induction in male green frogs collected from one orchard site during one sampling event was the only indication that a metabolic challenge due to presence of cytochrome P450-inducing toxicants may have existed, whereas elevated concentrations of organochlorines (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT]-or endosulfan-related) in green frog tissues suggested that frogs at three orchard sites were taking up pesticides. Significant differences in size of equivalent-age male and juvenile leopard frogs and green frogs occupying different study sites suggested that suboptimal habitat characteristics existed at one or two of the four orchard sites. However, site-specific habitat deficiencies could not be related to orchard study sites in general, and, thus, wetlands in apple orchards appeared to provide viable breeding habitat for both northern leopard frogs and green frogs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The functional integrity of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and green frog (Rana clamitans) populations in orchard wetlands. I. Genetics, physiology, and biochemistry of breeding adults and young‐of‐the‐year

Harris

Bishop

Struger

et al. 1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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show abstract

“…The effects on pesticide residues of some processing steps, such as washing, peeling, and cooking, have been investigated on various fruits and vegetables. Ripley and Simpson (1977) measured zineb residue on pears, its conversion to ETU upon heating, and residues of both in commercially prepared canned pears and baby food puree. Zineb was not detected in any commercial samples, but low concentrations of ETU were detected in some baby foods.…”

Section: Etu Residue Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Mancozeb and Ethylenethiourea in Apples Due to Postharvest Treatments and Processing

Hwang

Cash

Zabik

2002

Journal of Food Science

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Apples sprayed with product label rates of mancozeb in the orchard were used to determine the effectiveness of various wash treatments on the removal of the mancozeb and ethylenethiourea (ETU) on and in fresh and processed apples. Reduction in residual mancozeb and ETU was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the effect of various wash treatments as compared to the unwashed samples. There was significantly higher residue in the water-washed apples than apples processed with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxyacetic acid, and ozone washes. We found that certain procedures, such as peeling or steaming, play an important role in reducing pesticide residue levels in processed apples.

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“…When three vegetable crops (Watts et al 1974) or grains (Rosenberg and Siltanen 1979) were cooked in water at 100 C for 15 and 30 min, respectively, conversion factors as high as 30% (w/w) have been observed. The fate of residues in homogenates of pears (Ripley and Simpson 1977) or grapes heated at 100 C were also reported. As far as the effect of tomato processing on EBDC residues is concerned, the results reported are somewhat variable.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Stability of the dithiocarbamate pesticide maneb in tomato homogenates during cold storage and thermal processing

Kontou

Tsipi²,

Tzia

2004

Food Additives and Contaminants

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The effect of storage at 5 degrees C and of thermal processing by cooking at 100 degrees C and sterilization at 121 degrees C for 15 min on maneb residues in tomato homogenates was investigated. Remaining maneb and its toxic metabolite ethylenethiourea (ETU) were measured after each treatment by headspace gas chromatography with flame-photometric detection and by high-performance liquid chromatography with photo-diode array detection, respectively. No significant loss of maneb was observed during cold storage for up to 6 weeks, taking into account analytical variability. Conversely, thermal treatment resulted in substantial degradation of maneb with extensive conversion to ETU. After cooking, only 26 +/- 1% (+/- SE, n = 8) of initial maneb residues remained in the samples, whilst the conversion to ETU was 28 +/- 1% (mol mol(-1)) (+/- SE, n = 4). Sterilization eliminated the residues of the parent compound giving rise to conversion to ETU up to 32 +/- 1% (mol mol(-1)) (+/- SE, n = 4).

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Residues of zineb and ethylene thiourea in orchard treated pears and commercial pear products

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

The functional integrity of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and green frog (Rana clamitans) populations in orchard wetlands. I. Genetics, physiology, and biochemistry of breeding adults and young‐of‐the‐year

The functional integrity of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and green frog (Rana clamitans) populations in orchard wetlands. I. Genetics, physiology, and biochemistry of breeding adults and young‐of‐the‐year

Degradation of Mancozeb and Ethylenethiourea in Apples Due to Postharvest Treatments and Processing

Stability of the dithiocarbamate pesticide maneb in tomato homogenates during cold storage and thermal processing

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