Residues of the Acaricides Abamectin, Hexythiazox, and Spiromesifen in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Fruits Grown under Field Conditions in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The dissipation profiles of the acaricides abamectin, hexythiazox, and spiromesifen in the fruits of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) grown under field conditions in Najran, Saudi Arabia, were studied. Extraction was performed with acetonitrile, and UPLC-MS/MS was used for quantification. Instead of conventional adsorbents, a 2-fold dilution of the sample extract quickly and efficiently reduced interfering co-extracts and matrix effects. The method was successfully validated according to EU regulations. The limit of quantification was set at 5 µg/kg for hexythiazox and spiromesifen and 20 µg/kg for abamectin. The mean recoveries and relative standard deviations were 88.6–98.7% and 5.2–12.4%, respectively. The method precision was evaluated at the LOQ level for each analyte and ranged from 6.7 to 15.7%, with good trueness (recovery) ranging from 85.7 to 97.2%. The matrix effect ranged from −2.2% to −4.6%, indicating negligible signal suppression. First-order kinetics were used to characterize the dissipation rates of abamectin, hexythiazox, and spiromesifen with half-lives (t1/2) of 2.11–2.42, 2.3–2.73, and 1.31–1.47 days, respectively, using the authorized and double authorized doses. Terminal residues were 0.028–0.331 mg/kg, 0.019–0.592 mg/kg, and 0.044–0.408 mg/kg, respectively, at 3, 7, and 10 days after the second treatment. According to the risk assessment results, the percentage of chronic dietary risk quotient was <100, meaning that abamectin, hexythiazox, and spiromesifen are not considered a risk to human health. The preharvest interval (PHI) should be 7, 7, and 3 days, respectively, if the authorized dose is used, and 10, 10, and 3 days, respectively, if double the authorized dose is used. The current study can be a helpful resource for the responsible and safe use of the tested acaricides on eggplant fruits.

Residue analysis and dietary risk assessment of abamectin in fresh corn, bitter melon, and Fritillaria

“…The calculations for long‐term dietary risk assessment were conducted using crops with the highest MRLs of abamectin in other similar crops. The Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues established an ADI of 0.001 mg/kg for abamectin (Algethami et al, 2022). The ARfD of abamectin is 0.005 mg/kg (EFSA et al, 2017).…”

“…T A B L E 5 The long-term dietary intake risk assessment of abamectin based on the Chinese dietary pattern. (Algethami et al, 2022). The ARfD of abamectin is 0.005 mg/kg (EFSA et al, 2017).…”

“…However, it is important to note that abamectin can pose a risk of non-target biological poisoning. While demonstrating potent activity against certain parasitic nematodes and ectoparasitic arthropods in soil (Dionisio & Rath, 2016), abamectin spraying has been reported to have minimal impact on plants and as such does not induce other negative effects (Algethami et al, 2022).…”

Chemical Control of the Leaf Miner Scaptomyza flava Fallen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Determination of Acetamipride and Abamectin Residues on Radish Plant

“…The sample mixed using the vortex mixer. A 5 mL of the homogenized extract was transferred via the micropipette to be ready in HPLC injection (Algethami et al, 2023).…”

“…The shaft is 25 cm long and 4.6 mm in diameter). Acetamiprid 20 EC was detected by a UV detector with a wavelength of 254 nm (Nawaz et al, 2015;Ail et al, 2018), while in the case of abamectin, the wavelength was 210 nm (Algethami et al, 2023).…”