Residues and fate of endosulfan on field-grown pepper and tomato

Antonįous, George F.; Byers, Matthew E.; Snyder, John C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199809)54:1<61::aid-ps780>3.0.co;2-m

Cited by 65 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This can explain the tendency of no or minute levels of residues on cucumber. The range of most detected pesticides levels in cucumber, tomatoes and strawberries coincides with Gil-Gracia [23], Antonious et al [24], Ripley et al [26] and Saldo [27].…”

Section: Gc-ms Detected and Confirmed Pesticide Residues On Cucumbersupporting

confidence: 81%

“…According to Gil-Gracia et al [23] levels of methomyl residues were studied on tomatoes and green beans in an experimental greenhouse to establish the effect of the kind of greenhouse, application concentration, species grown and climatic condition on the degradation of the insecticide methomyl. Antonious et al [24] studied the residues and fate of endosulfan on field-grown pepper and tomato. Analysis of samples was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring of pesticide residues on cucumber, tomatoes and strawberries in Gaza Governorates, Palestine

Safi¹,

Abou-Foul

El‐Nahhal

et al. 2002

Nahrung

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Three techniques of gas chromatography (GC) either with flame photometric-detector (FPD), electron capture detector (ECD), or with mass-spectrometry (MS) were applied for identification and quantification of pesticide residues on 45 samples of cucumber, tomatoes, and strawberries in fifteen locations in Gaza Governorates. GC-FPD analysis showed the presence of four different organo-phosphorus (OP) pesticides, their levels were very low and below maximum residue limits (MRL's). GC-ECD detected ten different pesticides at levels below the MRL's. Using the GC-MS technique, alpha and beta-endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, chlorfluazuron, triadimenol I and II, penconazole, coptafolmetabolite, pyrimethanil and iprodione were detected and confirmed on some samples of cucumber, tomatoes and strawberries. All GC-MS pesticide residues detected on tomato were below the MRL's except chlorfluazuron while on strawberry were below the MRL's except penconazole, chlorfluazuron and pyrimethanil, but on cucumber were slightly higher than the MRL's except alpha and beta-endosulfan. Also, statistical analysis of pesticide residues in all samples showed that most of the detected residues mean were significantly lower than the MRL's (p < 0.05). Generally, tomatoes showed the least number and level of pesticide residues by all the GC-techniques. On the other hand, strawberries showed greater number and levels of pesticide residues, particularly by the GC-MS technique. These results indicate that the protective period to elapse before harvesting should be increased especially on strawberry. The results also can help in risk assessment of consumers exposure to the expected pesticide residues.

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Section: Gc-ms Detected and Confirmed Pesticide Residues On Cucumbersupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of pesticide residues on cucumber, tomatoes and strawberries in Gaza Governorates, Palestine

Safi¹,

Abou-Foul

El‐Nahhal

et al. 2002

Nahrung

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“…Endosulfan, a mixture of a-and b-isomers, is a broad-spectrum insecticide, acaricide and miticide used to control a variety of pests that affect fruit, vegetables and ornamental plants (Berrill et al, 1998). This formulation with two isomers with different water solubilities and volatilities (Antonious et al, 1998) has been studied for its toxicity to aquatic organisms possibly affected by direct applications or drift from aerial spraying (Ernst et al, 1991;Berrill et al, 1998). Accumulated data concerning the toxicity hazard of endosulfan led to the recommendation that it should be replaced by less toxic alternatives wherever possible (Berril et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to the high lipophilicity (Antonious et al, 1998), a strong interaction with biomembranes is predictable. It was shown that the endosulfan isomers have significant effects on membrane organization and permeability (Videira et al, 1999(Videira et al, , 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the microorganism Bacillus stearothermophilus as a model to evaluate toxicity of the lipophilic environmental pollutant endosulfan

Martins

Monteiro

Antunes-Madeira

et al. 2003

Toxicology in Vitro

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Microorganisms are very powerful tools for the supply of information about the toxic effects of lipophilic compounds, since an impairment of cell growth usually occurs as a result of perturbations related, in most cases, with the partition of toxicants in membranes. The thermophilic eubacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus has been used as a model system to identify a-and b-endosulfan interactions with the membrane possibly related with the insecticide toxicity. Two approaches have been pursued: (a) bacterial growth is followed and the effects of endosulfan isomers determined; (b) biophysical studies with the fluorescent fluidity probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were performed to assess the effects of a-and b-endosulfan on the organization of the membrane lipid bilayer. The effects on growth were quantitatively evaluated by determination of growth parameters, namely the lag phase, the specific growth rate and the cell density reached by cultures in the stationary phase. Growth inhibition by a and b-endosulfan dependent on the concentration is diminished or removed by the addition of 2.5 mm Ca 2+ to bacterial cultures. Fluorescence DPH polarization consistently showed opposite effects of Ca 2+ and a-and b-endosulfan on the physical state of bacterial polar lipid dispersions. #

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“…Many studies have indicated the potential ecological damage due to the widespread use of synthetic pesticides. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The U.S. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in 1996 initiated a systematic effort to identify and reduce potential risks posed by synthetic pesticides to safeguard public health. Among the provisions of the FQPA is a requirement for the EPA to reassess all synthetic pesticide tolerances (9,700+) within ten years of passage of the act.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and Repellency of Hot Pepper Extracts to Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch

Antonįous

Meyer

Snyder

2006

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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Increasing concern about persistence and environmental impact of synthetic pesticide residues require development of biodegradable and environmentally safe alternatives. The potential of using fruit extracts of hot pepper as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for controlling the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is explored in this study. Twenty-four Capsicum accessions (Solanaceae) were screened for their toxicity and repellency to the spider mites. Crude extracts from fruits of C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. annuum, and C. pubescens were prepared in methanol and tested for their acaricidal properties. Spider mite mortality was greatest (45%) when fruit extract of accession Grif-9169 (C. annuum) was used. Results from diving board bioassays indicated that mites avoided filter paper strips treated with hot pepper extracts from accessions PI-596057 (C. baccatum), PI-195299 (C. annuum), and Grif- 9270 (C. annuum). This investigation suggests that methanolic extracts of these three accessions may have a great potential for repelling spider mites and should be field-tested on a large-scale to assess their value in managing populations of spider mites, which could reduce reliance on synthetic acaricides. An attempt was made to correlate repellency with chemical constituents of fruit extracts of the most repellent accessions to identify chemical sources of repellency. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the pungent components of pepper fruit, were not correlated with toxicity or repellency, indicating that these are not likely related to the toxicity or repellency of the pepper fruit extracts. Other, unidentified chemicals are likely responsible for toxicity and repellency to the two-spotted spider mite.

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Residues and fate of endosulfan on field-grown pepper and tomato

Cited by 65 publications

References 32 publications

Monitoring of pesticide residues on cucumber, tomatoes and strawberries in Gaza Governorates, Palestine

Monitoring of pesticide residues on cucumber, tomatoes and strawberries in Gaza Governorates, Palestine

Use of the microorganism Bacillus stearothermophilus as a model to evaluate toxicity of the lipophilic environmental pollutant endosulfan

Toxicity and Repellency of Hot Pepper Extracts to Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch

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